文艺复兴的

In his opinion: freedom in modern society is a kind of inter-control relationship between human and objects, that is an illusion of freedom; personality is the outcome of the batch production of consumer system; it is a kind of self-shoot, a shadowy self-comfort and satisfaction; the aesthetic distance formed the lonely state of modern human, this makes favor and identity be important motivity of consumption; nature here has been changed to naturety, it is a consumable symbol opposes to real nature; art and artworks gradually turns into sign; as the container and carrier of spirit, body has been changed to a separate object, a kind of capital that needs to be managed and operated; the inimitably expansion of image in mass media make human immerse in the aspiration of itself, which makes human fowardly go into the matrix of consumption.Abundant objects and information are accumulated in supermarkets and mass media, which give people an image of rich. At the same time, commodity appears in series to rise people's desire. The difference between kinds of commodity has gradually been erased, replacing the utility as object.

他认为：当代的自由实际上是人与物的相互操控关系，是人的自由幻觉；个性是消费系统中批量生产的产物，是一种自恋性的投射，一种虚幻的自我安慰和满足；审美距离则造成了当代人的孤独，这使得关切和身份认同成为消费的重要动力；自然已经变成自然性，成为对立于真正自然的可消费的文化符号；文艺复兴以来的艺术和艺术品逐渐由模仿转为表现再转为符号。

Although the ancient sects did not survive, aspects of the Gnostic world view have periodically reappeared in many forms: the ancient dualistic religion called Manichaeism and the related medieval heresies of the Albigenses, Bogomils, and Paulicians; the medieval Jewish mystical philosophy known as Cabala; the metaphysical speculation surrounding the alchemy of the Renaissance; 19th-century theosophy; 20th-century existentialism and nihilism; and the writings of the 20th-century Swiss psychologist Carl Jung.

虽然古老的教派没有生存，方面的gnostic的世界观，有定期重新出现在许多形式：古代二元宗教所谓的摩尼教和相关的中世纪的异端邪说的比根斯派，波果米尔人，和paulicians ；中世纪的犹太神秘哲学称为cabala ；形而上的投机周围的炼金术的文艺复兴；十九世纪的theosophy ；二十世纪的存在主义和虚无主义；著作20世纪的瑞士心理学家卡尔容。

As it invariably happens, history and memory can prove helpful: Leonardo's Vitruvian man is "the measure of all things", while the Renaissance man expands the static point of view of the project anticipating the crucial theme of individual well-being (as Leon Battista Alberti put it in his De re aedificatoria ,"In the choice of the environment it is best to mind that it is welcome by its inhabitants from every point of view").

要设计一项围绕人的实际需求的建筑项目同样意味着创新、价值与激情的构思与应用。创新乃为满足动态参考条件；价值乃为适应社会潜在的经济和结构的变化；激情乃为对于所有参与者以及他们的实际需求的关注。能够证明有效性的永远都是历史与记忆：莱昂纳多·达芬奇的维特鲁威人是"万物的尺度"，同时文艺复兴时期的人发展了项目的静态观点，期望一个非常现代的焦点对象：即个人的康乐。（"在选择环境之时，最好能确保它的方方面面都受到居住者的欢迎"，阿尔贝蒂的《建筑学十书》）。

The intricate business of forcing his offspring into the charmed circle of royalty-by-birth, the negotiations with Charles for example over recognition of the new duchies, runs like a subtle poison through what was, despite the very evident Renaissance worldliness of this great pope, the leading policy of his reign, the calling of this council that would reform the life of the Church and heal the divisions in Germany.

最后，教宗成功，这使他的封地的duchies帕尔马和皮亚琴察，切割出来的国家的教会，并娶皮耶路易吉的儿子-奥塔维奥-自然女儿查理五世的复杂业务，迫使他后代的魅力循环版税的出生，谈判与查理例如在承认新duchies ，运行像一个微妙的是什麼毒药通过，但非常明显的文艺复兴俗气这个伟大的教宗，他的主要政策在位期间，呼叫本局，将改革的生命教会和治愈的分裂在德国。

Secondly, in terms of the dynamic development of harmony in chorus, this paper expounds harmony in chorus in different periods in the history of music: harmony in the structure of contrapuntus in the Renaissance chorus, harmony in contra-structure in Baroque chorus, harmony in chorus of the classical period, harmony in chromaticism the expansion of modes in the romantic period. These dynamic features of harmony display the principle of formal beauty in western chorus.

从合唱音乐的语言形式上看，作为美学特征的"和谐"表现在音程、和声、对位结构之中：从合唱音乐的历史发展上看，"和谐"则表现为文艺复兴时期对位结构中的"和谐"、巴洛克时期的对位与和声相结合中的"和谐"、古典主义时期的旋律与和声相结合的主调音乐中的"和谐"、浪漫主义时期半音化和声与扩张的调式中的"和谐"。

Chapter five summarizes the reasons of the flourishing development of drama in the period of Elizabeth I : it is the result of the three main social powers"(the queen, peerages and the middle-class) conjunct contribution, because these three powers have their own demand and benefit differently under the given historical conditions, their demand and benefit makes them have to do so; it"s also the result of drama"s successfully syncretizing the cultural tastes of the queen, peerages and the middle-class; what"s more, Englands school education in the age of Renaissance also reveals its value in the boom of drama.

第五章总结了伊丽莎白时期英国戏剧得到繁荣发展的原因：戏剧的繁荣是在特定的历史条件下，女王、贵族及中产阶层等从各自的需求和利益出发，共同促进的结果；也是戏剧成功融合了以女王、贵族、中产阶层为主的社会各阶层文化口味的结果；此外，英国文艺复兴时期的学校教育对戏剧的发展也具有重要的意义。

The increasing reliance on the interval of the third as a consonance is one of the most pronounced features of early Renaissance European art music( in the Middle Ages, third had been considered dissonances), in use since the 12th century, became increasingly elaborate with highly independent voices throughout the 14th century: the beginning of the 15th century showed simplification, with the voices often striving for smoothness.

对于被当作协和音程的三度音程越来越多的依赖，是文艺复兴早期欧洲音乐艺术最为显著的特征之一（在中世纪，三度曾被当作不协和音程）。从12世纪之后使用的复调音乐，随着整个14世纪各声部的高度独立变得越来越复杂：15世纪初期的复调音乐的各声部常常趋于平滑，因而显示出其单一性。

Overshadowed by the genius of his three great contemporaries, Titian , Giorgione and Palma , he had been comparatively neglected by art historians until Mr Bernard Berenson devoted to him an essay in constructive art criticism, which not only restores to him his rightful position among the great masters of the Renaissance, but also throws clear light upon the vexed question of his artistic descent.

所掩盖的天才他的三个伟大的同时代人，提香，乔尔乔内和帕尔马，他一直比较忽略了艺术史学家，直到陈智思议员毕瑞森专门讨论他的一篇文章在建设性的文艺批评，这不仅恢复到他应有的地位之间的伟大当家作主的文艺复兴运动，而且还投掷明确轻后，棘手的问题，他的艺术后裔。

The exhibition incorporates reproductions of his most famous renaissance art in actual size, an amazing series of anatomical sketches, the famous preparatory drawings of the Anghiari Battle and entertaining and educational presentations in 3D of the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, the Virtuvian Man and one of Leonardo's most ambitious projects, the Sforza Horse sculpture.

展览中结合了达文西最著名的文艺复兴时期的艺术品的一比一大小复制品、令人激赏的系列解剖素描、著名的「安吉里之战」草槁画作、和以3D呈现别具教育意味的「蒙娜莉莎的微笑」「维特鲁威人」，和达文西最具野心的雕塑作品「Sforze 之马」。

Historically speaking, modern philosophy is coming from ancient Greek culture; European revival of learning accelerates its development and produces some philosophical opinions with deep influence, especially when dialectic is presented out by Mr. Hegel, a new era that developing towards real entity Begins;every School pushes philosophy developing with the position of selfhood and nonscientific one.

从历史上看，现代哲学主要是从古代希腊文明发展而来的；欧洲的文艺复兴加速了它的发展，产生了一些具有深远影响的哲学观点，特别是当辩证法被黑格尔先生提示以来，一个哲学向实体化发展的新时代开始了；各个学派都以自我的立场，而非科学的立场，来推动哲学的发展。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。