文艺复兴

"A decline set in after the 13th century, when stained-glass artist s began to seek the realistic effects sought by Renaissance painters, effects to which the technique was less suited and which diverted artist s from exploiting the all-important light-refracting quality of glass."

13世纪后开始衰退，当时的彩色玻璃艺术家渴望实现文艺复兴画家所追求的写实主义效果，但彩色玻璃技术无法实现这一效果，于是他们开始挖掘玻璃的反光作用。

"A decline set in after the 13th century, when stain ed-glass artists began to seek the realistic effects sought by Renaissance painters, effects to which the technique was less suited and which diverted artists from exploiting the all-important light-refracting quality of glass."

13世纪后开始衰退，当时的彩色玻璃艺术家渴望实现文艺复兴画家所追求的写实主义效果，但彩色玻璃技术无法实现这一效果，于是他们开始挖掘玻璃的反光作用。

Italian Renaissance gardens often include parterres, barcos, orchards, loggias, vineyards, terraces, pergolas, grottoes, fountains, sculpture, patterned hardscapes, and glimpses of the "borrowed" view.

意大利文艺复兴时期的花园经常包括花坛，尔克斯，果园，敞廊，葡萄园，梯田，棚架，岩洞，喷泉，雕塑，图案hardscapes和瞥见了&借&观点。

The comprehensive repertoire of the Choir extends from Renaissance motets and madrigals to Romantic choral works, both sacred and secular, and twentieth-century compositions.

全面的合唱曲目涵盖了从文艺复兴时期经文歌和madrigals浪漫合唱作品，既神圣和世俗，和二十世纪的成分。

Not to consider here anything except the Christian architecture of Europe, that younger sister of the great masonries of the Orient, it appears to the eyes as an immense formation divided into three well-defined zones, which are superposed,the one upon the other: the Romanesque zone*, the Gothic zone, the zone of the Renaissance, which we would gladly call the Greco-Roman zone .

这里只要考察一下欧洲基督教建筑艺术—东方伟大营造艺术的妹妹，那便一目了然，它像一个广大的生成层，分成三个既分明又重叠的晶带：罗曼带，峨特带，文艺复兴带——我们宁可称之为希腊—罗马带。

From the medle ages sculpture,we can see that people in that period take human sculptures merely as a decorative part of an achetecture;The Rassanance make people regained their natural inner strength,and people express their admiration to the heros,using the pose of human sculpture. The great master Rodin reach the peak in making the full use of human pose,as a way of artistic expression. While doing so. he turned the the development of sculpture into a new track-the way of expression itself. From then on,in the hands of some mordern sculptors,human pose and the distinctive personal expression ways of each sculptor and the matiral.

运动。均衡等理想美的追求；中世纪教堂人物雕塑姿势的僵直和微妙反映了当时雕塑成为建筑的依附以及教徒对上帝的态度；文艺复兴使人们找回自身的力量，对英雄的崇敬和力量的赞美通过人物雕塑充满生机的姿势体现出来；罗丹对人物姿势表现力的把握达到了一个高峰，同时他把雕塑引向了形式本身，在他以后的一些现代雕塑家手中，人物姿势和艺术家各具个性的艺术手法。

Principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composeres of sacred music began to adopt secular forms for their own designs.

在整个文艺复兴时期贯穿发展的主要宗教形式是弥撒和经文歌，而后期则趋于一些其他的发展，尤其是宗教音乐作曲家开始把宗教形式为自己的创作所用。

The magical mystery religion of ancient Egypt, being the oldest civilisation one had any knowledge of, exercised a great fascination over the Renaissance men.

作为最古老文明的古埃及的不可思议的神秘宗教，令文艺复兴时期的人为之神往。

Meanwhile Ottoman Turkish was attacking Byzantine Empire from all sides, lots of Byzantine scholars migrated to Italy in order to seek military help from Latin West for Byzantine Empire. Using their abundant attainments of classical culture, they participated in the movement of reviving ancient Greek culture in Italy, and had promoted the development of the Renaissance of Italy forcefully.

与此同时，拜占廷帝国面临奥斯曼土耳其的步步进逼，为了向西方寻求军事援助，大批拜占廷学者移居意大利，他们以其丰富的古典文化素养，积极参与意大利的古希腊文化复兴，有力地推动了意大利文艺复兴运动的发展。

"In the 16th century, the grafting of Renaissance elements onto the Perpendicular style resulted in the Tudor style."

在16世纪，由于将文艺复兴的成份转接至垂直式风格，促成了都铎风格。

It was Napoleon, the immense somnambulist of this dream which had crumbled, essaying once more to advance.

那人便是拿破仑，梦游中的巨人，他还想往前走，去追寻那崩塌了的幻境。

This method alleviates the highly dependent on domain knowledge experts. The quality and efficiency of the KBS were improved.

使用这种设计方法减小了对领域知识专家的严重依赖，提高了知识系统开发的质量和效率。