文艺复兴

The modernness or antiquity of an action has nothing to do with its fitness for poetical representation.

1910至1927年间光辉的文艺复兴以后，美国诗歌写作中出现了逆流和新基调。

Europe then emerged from religious and monarchic conflict in the Middle Ages while the Renaissance gradually took shape.

经过漫长的中古时期，教宗和皇帝的政治冲突终於过去，十五、十六世纪，源出义大利的欧洲「文艺复兴」逐渐完成其历史演变。

With Caccini's abilities as a singer, instrumentalist, and composer added to the mix of intellects and talents, the Camerata developed the concept of monody —an emotionally affective solo vocal line, accompanied by relatively simple chordal harmony on one or more instruments—which was a revolutionary departure from the polyphonic practice of the late Renaissance.

作为一名歌手，乐器卡奇尼的能力，和作曲家增加了智力和人才结构，在萨尔斯堡发展了 monody 概念，情绪情感的独唱歌手的，相对简单的一个或多个文书，这是一个弦和谐的陪同下革命背离了文艺复兴晚期和弦的做法。

Indeed, between the forms of the leaf-covered monopode first encountered, and this monstrous leg, we recall iconic scenes of flight, common amongst grand Renaissance tableaux, one particularly good example being exemplified in Michelangelo's Last Judgement by the bottom right-hand section, which is known as the Boat of Charon—a fitting allusion because Charon was the boatman who delivered the damned into the mouth of hell from which they were presumably anxious to escape, hence the animated energy brought to their flight.

的确，在先前体验过的叶子覆盖着的独脚和这只巨腿的两种造型中，我们忆起典型的逃离场景构图，是文艺复兴艺术的大型静态画面中常见的，而米开朗琪罗的《最后的审判》右下角所谓"卡戎的冥河之船"那部分就是特别典型的代表范例；这个典故在此极为恰当，因为卡戎就是将被打入地狱的人送往阴府的船夫，他们自然急于逃跑，因此才有这些人物脱逃的激动镜头。

The great achievements generally ascribed to him are the further development of the recitative , later introduced by Monteverdi, and of infinite importance in the history of dramatic music; the further development of the chamber - cantata , by which Carissimi superseded the concertato madrigals which had themselves replaced the madrigals of the late Renaissance ; and the development of the oratorio , of which he was the first significant composer.

一般归因于他的伟大成就，是在宣叙调，后来介绍了威尔第和无限的重要性，在戏剧音乐史，该商会的进一步发展-大合唱，其中卡里西米取代了 concertato madrigals 了自己的进一步发展取代已故文艺复兴的madrigals，以及清唱剧，其中他是第一个重要的作曲家的发展。

The first chapter discusses the origin of poly-choral style, including historical background on the tradition of psalms singing. The second chapter focuses on Renaissance time at Venice, and discusses the politics, artistic, glass craft, mosaic art synopsis at that time. The third chapter discusses poly-choral music of Venetian school in the early times of 16th century, and main composers of Venetian school including: Andrian Willaert, Andrea Gabrieli, Giovanni Gabrieli, and Claudio Monteverdi in early time of Baroque period. The fourth chapter discusses poly-choral works, the effects of the acoustics "stereo sound", questions of chorus establishment, textures, and questions of annotation and questions when conducting these pieces based on the discussion and summary from the previous three chapter.

第一章讨论的是复合唱风格的源起，包括诗篇对唱式唱法的传统溯源；第二章讨论文艺复兴时期的威尼斯，包括政经情况，及艺术、玻璃工艺、马赛克艺术的简介；第三章讨论威尼斯乐派在十六世纪早期的复合唱雏型，及盛期的主要作曲家，包括：威拉尔、安德拉E噶布里埃利、乔望尼E噶布里埃利，及巴罗克早期的孟特威尔第…等复合唱作曲家的风格；第四章整合前三章的论述，由实际的复合唱作品，讨论「立体声」的音响效果、合唱团的编制、织度问题，以及诠释及指挥上会遇到的问题。

Other important milestones in the Early Music Revival included the 1933 founding of the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis in Basel , Switzerland by Paul Sacher -together with distinguished musicians including the pioneering specialist in early vocal music Max Meili , who contributed to the extensive L'Anthologie Sonore series of early music recordings and recorded Renaissance lute songs for HMV -and the 1937 presentation and recording of some of Monteverdi's Madrigals by Nadia Boulanger in France.

早期音乐复兴中的里程碑包括： 1933年，保罗-撒切尔在瑞士的巴塞尔成立了柏森音乐学院；出现了一批杰出的音乐家，如早期声乐方面的顶级专家迈克斯-梅尔(录制了 L'Anthologie Sonore 系列早期音乐唱片，为HMV录制了文艺复兴时期的鲁特琴歌曲)和1937年在法国表演与录制了蒙特威尔第的牧歌的纳迪亚-勃朗格。阿诺德-多尔梅奇注：法国出生的英国音乐家和演奏家。师从H。维厄唐(1820～1881学习小提琴后移居英国，开始收集、修理并学着演奏古乐器。他仿制了多把诗琴、击弦键琴、拨弦键琴、竖笛等乐器，最后他和他的妻子、孩子一起表演和传播早期音乐。

We do not propose that classical education return us to the glories of Greece , the grandeur of Rome , the scholasticism of the Middle Ages, the artistry of the Renaissance, or even the moralism of Victorian England.

我们并不提倡，让经典教育把我们都带回到古希腊的光荣，罗马的伟大，中世纪的繁琐哲学，文艺复兴的艺术修养，或者还有英国维多利亚女王时代的道德取向。

He is handsome with wild oats and world-weariness and is living in scene of debauchery, but this doesn't influence his most works during his short life at all. He not only takes in early renaissance drawer Botticelli's accessorized lines and morbidezza female tinge, but also gets the inspiration(replanting the lateral nose to the frontal portraiture) from cubism, introjects the exaggeration way of ancient African woodcutting and brings the Pre-Raphaelite melancholy temperament into play fully so that forms his own extraordinary style from inspiration based on representation. Particularly, his special representation for female nude is noticeable.

他英俊潇洒、放荡不羁，厌世忌俗，终日流连于灯红酒绿之间，然而这丝毫不影响他在短暂的生命中留下大量的画作，他吸取了文艺复兴早期画家波提切利的装饰性线条和柔美女性气息，又从立体主义的建构手法上获得灵感（将侧面的鼻子移植到正面的肖像画中），糅合了远古非洲木雕的夸张方式，又将拉斐尔前派的忧郁气质发挥到了极致，从而形成了自己的以灵感为源以表现为本的独特唯美画风，尤为引人注目的是他对女性裸体画的另类表现。

In the age of Renaissance, science, society and culture provided great impetus for music. Secular chorus such as Italian madrigal and French chanson exhibited strong spirit of humanity. Religious chorus like church polyphony, Mass and Motet flourished into the zenith of chorus of no accompaniment. During the Baroque period, chorus entered a completely new era of growth.

文艺复兴时期，出现了具有强烈人文精神的意大利牧歌和法国尚松等世俗合唱体裁，弥撒和经文歌等宗教合唱也得到了极大的发展，无伴奏合唱达到巅峰。

It was Napoleon, the immense somnambulist of this dream which had crumbled, essaying once more to advance.

那人便是拿破仑，梦游中的巨人，他还想往前走，去追寻那崩塌了的幻境。

This method alleviates the highly dependent on domain knowledge experts. The quality and efficiency of the KBS were improved.

使用这种设计方法减小了对领域知识专家的严重依赖，提高了知识系统开发的质量和效率。