文明

It is a relatively independent worldhistorical epoch that has three phases.During the first one,starting fromabout 10000 years ago,the material foundations for civilization-agriculture,neolith and pottery tools,which constituted the three technicalinnovations-had been set.The second phase can be traced back to 7000 or 8000 years ago,when bronze ware,cities and writing,which are also known as thethree elements for civilization,eventually took shape.The third phase began about 5000 years ago,marked by the appearance of ancient states,an overallsymbol for the formation of civilization.

包含三个阶段：第一阶段是三大物质前提奠基期，从距今一万年前开始，"农业——新石器——陶器"，构成相互联系的三大技术创新；第二阶段是距今七八千年前，"铜器——城市——文字"三大文明要素生成期；第三阶段是距今五千年上下，原始国家的起源成了文明形成的总体标志。

Moreover,the division of Western and Eastern culture according to"sheep culture" and " wolf culture " is too simple and nonscientific.

而且，以"羊文明"、"狼文明"分别指代中西文化，这是简单化的、非科学的。

Between 800 and 1,200 years ago, the great Mesoamerican Olmec civilization claimed this stretch of rain forest. At its height, the "mother culture" of the New World spanned as far north as Mexico City and as far south as Honduras.

在大约800到1200年以前，伟大的奥尔麦克文明拥有这片雨林，在其鼎盛时期，这个新世界的"母文明"自北向南从墨西哥一直延伸到洪都拉斯。

The understanding of"oriental"peoples and civilizations in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations shows a pronounced Orientalism.

希腊罗马文明在对"东方"诸民族与文明的认知中体现出一种东方主义特征。

If our country and France, as we hope, may go on in the enlargement and advancement of a glorious civilization, we may feel sure that if our descendants shall overtop us in wealth, in strength, in art, and equal us in love of liberty, they will not say that this was not a worthy triumph for the age in which we live, and if, unhappily, malign influences shall degrade our ivilization and our fame, and travellers and dwellers here shall find their power has waned, and their love of liberty declined, if they shall have become a poverty-stricken and debased people, what will they think of this remaining monument of a past and lost age, but that it was a creation of the godsand that no men ever lived.

如果我国和法国都像我们所希望的那样，在一个光辉灿烂的文明世界的壮大与发展中不断进步，我们就可以确信：如果我们的后代在财富、实力和艺术上超过我们，并且像我们一样热爱自由，那么他们就绝不会说这个胜利配不上我们所生活的时代；但是，如果邪恶势力不幸玷污了我们的文明和声誉，我们的后代的力量衰竭了，对自由的热爱程度下降了。如果他们已经成为一个贫困交加的、没落的民族，那么他们会如何看待一个过去的、已失落的时代留下的这座纪念碑呢！他们也许只会认为，那是众神创造的一个杰作，而从来没有人在那个时代生活过。

As a reduction of communication between Chinese and Indian culture,"Palm Civet for Prince"reflected alien civilization when it appeared and transformed,at the same time,it came down in one continuous line with native civilization.

作为中印文化交流的一个缩影，《狸猫换太子》的故事在其形成、流变的历史过程中，既折射出异域文明的影子，同时又与本土文明一脉相承，该故事许多构建元素一再印证了异质文化融合中转型重构的规律。

It is obvious that the civilization marked with the formation and consolidation of monogamous family, is, in essence, a patriarchy civilization.

可见以一夫一妻制家庭的形成和巩固为标志的人类文明本质上是一种父权制文明。

The sacred law of Jesus Christ governs our civilization, but it does not, as yet, permeate it

耶稣基督的神圣法则统治着我们的文明，但是没有渗透到文明里去。

Phallic symbols have appeared in many ancient cultures, and certainly China is among one of them.

阳具符号常在古代文明中出现，包括中国的文明。

Transformation period refers to changing from traditional society to the modern society, from agricultural civilization to the industrial civilization, from close society to the open society in transformation period and developing period, recognized as the crisis pilosity one by the countries all over the world.

转型期是指从传统社会向现代社会、从农业文明向工业文明、从封闭性社会向开放性社会变迁和发展时期，被世界各国公认为危机多发期。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。