文昌鱼

These data give insight into the development mechanism and evolution of the amphioxus and vertebrates.A novel gene, AmphiSom, was identified in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense, and its sequence and developmental expression pattern were determined.

因此虽然文昌鱼不是脊椎动物的直接祖先，但是它是现存的与脊椎动物直接祖先最接近的无脊椎动物，是研究动物进化和动物胚胎发育的典型材料。

In this paper, the myogenic bHLH gene, AmphiMDF, expressed in the embryos of amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtaunese), has been cloned by the methods of degenerative PCR and RACE.

本文利用简并性PCR和RACE等方法克隆了青岛文昌鱼(B.belcheritsingtaunese)胚胎发育过程中表达的生肌bHLH基因，AmphiMDF。

Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense ; Bblim ; LIM ; Homeobox gene ; Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides ; Embryonic development ; Electroporati

青岛文昌鱼； Bblim ； LIM ；同源框基因；反义寡核苷酸；胚胎发育；电脉冲

Acid phosphatase from Branchiostoma beleheri was isolated and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation,Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and CM-cellulose chromatography under acid condition.

从厦门文昌鱼Branchiostoma belcheri分离提纯酸性磷酯酶(EC3.1，3.2)，进一步经Sephadex G-75和羧甲基纤维素(CM-52)柱层析纯化，获得聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳单一纯酶制剂，比活力为351μm/min mg。

In this study, the genomic structure and regulatory elements of ApoD from 10 representive species including protozoan, invertebrate, protochordate and vertebrate were analyzed and compared. The genomic structure of ApoD is less conserved in organisms from protostome to deuterostome invertebrates, while it is highly conserved among chordates including amphioxus and verebrates. All four conserved cysteine residues are present in amino acid sequence of deuterostome ApoDs, while there are only two cysteine residues in amino acid sequence of protostomes ApoD. Structure divergence between protostome and deuterostome ApoD proteins suggests their function difference. The majority of regulatory elements are present in nearly all organism ApoD genes ranging from unicellular protozoan to mammals, suggesting that ApoD plays a very fundamental role, and possesses a conserved regulatory mechanism. However, there also exist some specific regulatory elements, which are present only in certain species and may perform some special roles.ApoD mRNA expression in murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts exposed to various stresses such as as hydrogen peroxide and UV light shows dose-dependent increase. And a fly homolog of ApoD, Glial Lazarillo, whose overexpression results in increased resistance to hyperoxia as well as a extension of lifespan under normoxia and resistance to starvation without altering lipid or protein content.

本文首先从生物信息学角度对分属于原生动物、无脊椎动物、头索动物和脊椎动物类群的10种动物ApoD的基因结构及调控区的调控元件进行分析及比较，发现：(1)ApoD基因外显子-内含子结构从原生动物草履虫到原口动物再到后口动物海胆的进化过程中不保守，但在分析的几种脊椎动物中相当保守；(2)文昌鱼ApoD基因扮演从无脊椎动物到脊椎动物承上启下的角色，可能代表了脊椎动物ApoD基因原型；(3)四个半胱氨酸保守位点在后口动物中都存在，而在原口动物中只存在两个，原口、后口动物ApoD蛋白一级结构上的差异反映蛋白功能上可能也存在一定差别；(4)调控区大多数主要调控元件为不同动物共有，说明ApoD主要功能及其表达调控在进化中相当保守；(5)ApoD基因个别调控元件是随着物种进化而出现并开始发挥相关作用，如SF-1；还有一些调控元件在进化过程中还没有发现其规律，这说明ApoD某些功能和基因表达调控模式可能因物种不同而存在一定的差异。

Immunocytochemical localization were investigated for the first time in the gonads, brain vesicle and nerve tube of Amphioxus using polyclonal antibodies against 17 b -estradiol, testosterone and progesterone receptors.

首次用雌二醇、睾酮和孕酮受体的多克隆抗体在文昌鱼性腺、脑泡和神经管中进行免疫细胞化学定位研究。

On the other hand, we found for the first time that mammalian neurosteroids-like immunopositive nerve cell and its fiber existed in the brain vesicle and nerve tube of Amphioxus, and the positive substance distributed in the cytoplasm of nerve cell, while nucleus showed negative reaction.

本文研究还首次发现，文昌鱼脑泡和神经管中存在哺乳动物神经甾体激素样免疫阳性神经细胞及其纤维，免疫阳性物分布在神经细胞胞质，核显阴性反应。

Therefore, TH-regulated metamorphosis, mediated by TR, is an ancestral feature of all chordates.

文昌鱼的甲状腺素受体的表达水平也随着甲状腺素的增加而增加。

Metamorphosis in chordates is such an enigmatic character.

最近，一个由来自法国、波兰、斯洛伐克和美国科学家组成的跨国研究组对文昌鱼的变态发育进行了研究。

The phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acids of invertebrate and vertebrate S19 proteins showed that the amphioxus protein was at the base of a clade of vertebrate S19 proteins, indicating that amphioxus is not only the sister group of extant vertebrates but also the basal lineage of chordates.

另外，AmphiS19与脊椎动物各S19蛋白在氨基酸水平上的相似性几乎是等同的。这些结果表明文昌鱼不仅是脊椎动物的姊妹类群，而且是脊索动物谱系进化过程中的基部类群。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失