文学

According to Liu Xie, there is unchangeableness in changes of literary forms or there are changes in unchangeableness.

西方现当代的结构主义和后结构主义虽然在又学形式探讨方面取得了长足的进展，为人们深入研究文学作品的形式结构指明了方向，但由于它们或只强调文学形式之普遍永恒的一面，或只强调文学形式之具体多变的一面，因而未能揭示文学形式之变中有不变的运作规律，未能为人们深刻挖掘文学作品的内在构造指出科学有效的路径。

Based upon such an expected aim, this thesis, using the form of commentary history of literature, has rather deeply discussed in the 20th century China's realism literature initiating problems situations, its beginning motives and actual development orientation, the problem of multiplication and univalence as one of the inner forming elements, the relationship between literature types and social cognition, problems concerning realism literature and modern China's internal anxiety, by focusing on problems such as"from Liang Qichao to Hu Shi,""Young Mao Dun's Upholding in Literature","Around Modern ","Lu Xun and the New Paradigms in Chinese Literature","Lao She's Style and His Concept about China", and"Hu Feng and Modern China's Subjective Anxiety", etc.

基于此一预期目的，本论文采用史论形式，以问题为中心选择了"从梁启超到胡适"、"青年茅盾的文学主张"、"在《现代》周围"、"鲁迅与中国文学的新范式"、"老舍的文体和他的中国观"及"胡风与现代中国的主体焦虑"等专题，较为深入地探讨了现实主义文学在20世纪中国兴起的问题情境、它的初始动机和实际发展路向、作为其内在构成要素之一的多样性与单一化问题、文学型式与社会认知之间的关系、现实主义文学与现代中国的内在焦虑等问题。

Aiming at the foundation of Liu Shipei's literary viewpoints of evolution, namely, vulgarism and parallel prose, this article reviews it by two angles to language and vicissitudes of style, discovering that his literary viewpoints of evolution was only a sort of reasoning strategy, so his two standpoint of enlightening country and preserving Guoxue match respectively for vulgarism and establishing legitimacy for parallel prose.

文学进化观在近代文学观念中很值得研究，从梁启超和刘师培都可见这种文学观念的影响。而刘师培的进化文学观尤其复杂。本文从他立论的基础即俗语和骈文，从语言文字和文体变迁两个角度来讨论这个问题，认为他的进化文学观只是一种论证的策略，承认俗语和为骈文立正统分别合于他的启瀹齐民和保存国学两个立场。

This thesis makes a detailed study on the characteristics of the middle-age women literature by taking a method of comprehensively analyzing the Waka Poetry and Journal literature and reveals that the creation of this period didn t stop although it was a hard time.

为了使从事日本女性文学的研究者从整体上把握日本女性文学的脉络，针对中世女性文学发展状况，采取综述和分论的研究方法，对这一时期的女性文学的特点作了比较详细的论述，主要以和歌为主，还有一部分日记文学。

As one part of literary dissemination, literature periodicals link editors, readers, and writers and play a part of transfer, pivot and alternateness, and also generate the first literary facts context. Meanwhile, literature periodicals are also one of the chains of social production of culture, and have powerful planning, organizing function.

作为文学传播的环节，文学期刊联系着编辑、读者、作者的多极，处于一种中转、枢纽、交互的地位，并生成了文学事实的第一语境；同时文学期刊又是文学社会化生产的一环，有较强的策划、组织的功能。

As one part of literary dissemination, literature periodicals link editors, readers, and writers and play a part of transfer, pivot and alternateness, and also generate the first literary facts context.

作为文学传播的环节，文学期刊联系着编辑、读者、作者的多极，处于一种中转、枢纽、交互的地位，并生成了文学事实的第一语境；同时文学期刊又是文学社会化生产的一环，有较强的策划、组织的功能。

I think the latter is more important for us to consider, because from there we may find more useful infomation for literary theory's construction and limation.

文学主体性论争对中国当代文论建设的影响深远，目前在中国文论界有较大影响的四种文学理论观——主体论文学观、象征论文学观、生产论文学观和审美意识形态文学观，都在很大程度上受到了文学主体性论争话语的促进和影响。

Taking a view of Yan'An literature deciding by political for a example: the view of Yan'An literature decided by political is result by defects of two view between "literature is reflection of political" and "pure literature". Although it includes some positive features, it's ruddily and judgment feature in theory result in a new ideology.

以延安文学&政治决定论&的形成为例：延安文学&政治决定论&的形成是中国现代文学研究中的&政治反映论&和&纯文学&积弊的结果，其出现的合理性在于其对&政治反映论&的批判性，但其理论基础和研究格局的偏狭，以及对延安文学作品超越价值的压抑，使其成为延安文学研究中新的意识形态。

Women literature,as a part of literature,seems to be not mentioned at all.Some people think that female literature does not exist.With a broader view and taking the specific historical and realistic context into account,we may discover that literature at that time does reflect the social life and life of women,saliently or subtly incorporating gender consciousness and aesthetic experiences into the writing.

这一时期，文学给人的印象是英雄的文本、革命的文本、无性的文本，所以作为文学一翼的女性文学始终没有被另提别论，以至有人认为&十七年&不存在女性意义上的文学，其理由是：一方面，客观上五、六十年代政治的泛化使女性的主体意识普遍失落；另一方面，女作家创作上都趋向于无性化，因而失去女性文学存在的依据和特征。

It realizes and animadverts modernity in its special way by exposing the dark reality mercilessly and reappearing the ugly humanity objectively.

它创造性地把文学和科学结合起来，将生物学、遗传学等自然科学引入文学领域；它运用科学态度和方法指导文学创作，以真实、客观为文学的根本原则和出发点，将写实风格发展到极致；它打破了只从理性层面刻画人物的文学禁锢，从生理层面对人的生物性进行赤裸裸的写真；它通过对黑暗现实的无情揭露、对丑恶人性的客观再现，完成对现代性的独特体认和批判；它前承现实主义，后启现代主义，是文学史从近代向现代过渡中的一次重要的文化超越，具有极为重要的意义。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。