文化的

International advertisement then multinational field, across the publicity form of the merchandise marketing of the culture.

广告文化是从属于商业文化的亚文化，自身又包含了商品文化以及营销文化。

On one hand, through translation underprivileged cultures benefit a lot in terms of scientific, technological and academic development, but on the other hand, their negative influences on underprivileged cultures are also great: the fast expansion of privileged cultures makes underprivileged cultures gradually marginalized, assimilated and fall into an aphasic state in cross-cultural exchanges, thus leading to the dominant position of privileged cultures, especially Anglo-American culture in the world, a status quite unfavorable for the mutual supplement and co-prosperity of all cultures.

一方面，这种流向有利于弱势文化的发展，因为强势文化中先进的科学技术和学术理论流入弱势文化不但推动了后者经济和学术的发展，而且丰富了后者的语言和文化；但另一方面，这种流向也有其消极的一面：强势文化的扩张使得弱势文化在国际文化交流中逐渐被边缘化、同化甚至陷入"失语"的境地，出现了强势文化尤其是英美文化独霸天下的局面，这极不利于各民族文化的互补和共同繁荣。

To develop advanced culture , we must promote the international competitive power of our culture, intensify the building of the popular culture, attemper the two kind of logos.

发展先进文化要提高文化的国际竞争力，加强大众文化建设，和谐两种理性文化。

By studying and analyzing recent domestic studies on teacher culture, the academe achieve a lot in terms of teacher culture definition, the basic way of developing teacher culture, how to build up teacher culture in the new curriculum reform. However, these studies are confined to individualism and cooperative culture, and there is much room for study on balkanization.

通过对近几年来教师文化研究的查阅和分析不难发现，学术界在教师文化概念界定、教师文化建设的基本途径、新课程改革中如何构建教师文化这三个方面已经取得了丰硕的成果，但现阶段教师文化的研究多关注于个人主义文化和合作文化的研究，对派别主义教师文化的研究存在不足。

The nature of the culture formation in Pearl caver Delta is seeking function and benefit. Its characteristic is commercial vulgar culture, Its structure consists of four factors: the culture of south of the Five Ridges, the culture of HongKong and Macao and the culture of the Western countries.

珠江三角洲文化形态论纲戢斗勇摘要珠江三角洲文化形态的性质是务实求利；其特征是商业俗文化；其结构由岭南文化、中原文化、港澳文化和西方文化四因素构成；其地位是有中国特色的社会主义新文化的"曙光"，是中华民族大一统文化的"中介"。

The cultural difference between TCM and WM manifests not only as the cultural difference between agriculture and industry, the one between Yin and Yang, but also the one between timeliness and extensity.

中西医文化差异不仅表现为农业文化与工业文化的分别、阴性文化与阳性文化的差异，同时也表现为时间型文化与空间型文化的不同。

On the base of deep understanding of its meanings and effect, we analyze the relation of campus culture and political guidance, and summavize the practical significance of enhancing the campus culture in military college, Subsequently we emplasize the important idea that campus culture is the very carrier of political guidance in military college. We give general comments on the current campus cultural activities in most military colleges, furthermore we point out the imperceptivity in the cognizance, decision and implement. Finally we make the following suggestions to deal with the cultivation of campus culture: to insure the correct direction of construction of campus culture, to foster the excellent cultural atmosphere in campus, to shape individual cultural characteristics of military colleges, to keep up the energetic sprit; to make good use of campus network, to bring up the campus cultural personnel.

在分析军校校园文化的内涵和作用的基础上，论述了军校校园文化建设与军校政治工作的关系，指出了军校加强校园文化建设的现实意义，阐明了军校校园文化是军校思想政治工作的重要载体的观点；对当前军校的校园文化建设进行了总结，对军校学员的业余文化生活进行了调查分析，指出了其在认识高度、决策方式、实施方法上的差距；最后，给出了军校的校园文化建设的对策：把握校园文化建设的方向、创建校园文化的优良氛围、注重人文精神的培养、培养昂扬的精神风貌、发挥网络文化的积极作用、加强校园文化的人才队伍建设。

The analysis of data may provide answers for the following questions:(1) Judging from their knowledge and understanding of culture, what are the features of EFL learners'"interculture behavior system"(2) What are the different cultural patterns of the learners'"interculture behavior system" Can we regard these patterns as a co-culture or several co-cultures under the dominant first or second culture (3) How will the learners' individual background influence their "interculture behavior system"

主要回答以下问题：(1)从对于文化的知识和理解上看，外语学习者的"中介文化行为系统"有哪些特征(2)外语学习者的"中介文化行为系统"包括哪些不同文化模式这些文化模式是否可以被看作主导文化下的群体文化(3)学习者的个人背景会怎样影响其"中介文化行为系统"

The nature of the culture formation in Pearl caver Delta is seeking function and benefit. Its characteristic is commercial vulgar culture, Its structure consists of four factors: the culture of south of the Five Ridges, the culture of HongKong and Macao and the culture of the Western countries.

珠江三角洲文化形态论纲戢斗勇摘要珠江三角洲文化形态的性质是务实求利；其特征是商业俗文化；其结构由岭南文化、中原文化、港澳文化和西方文化四因素构成；其地位是有中国特色的社会主义新文化的&曙光&，是中华民族大一统文化的&中介&。

It is concluded in Chapter Eight that: 1 linguistic proficiencies in three languages play a considerable part in code-switching of EFL teachers in trilingual context; the inter-sentential switching outweighs the intra-sentential switching both in frequencies and percentage; discourse-related switching also outweighs participant-related switching in frequencies and percentage; the EFL is maintained longest in EFL classroom and the language maintained second longest depends upon learners" higher proficiency in Chinese or Tibetan. 2 Ethnic identity and educational background is the major causal factor of EFL teachers" Chinese-English switching in trilingual classroom; duration of language contact and relative trilingual proficiencies are the two principal contributors to the English-Tibetan switching; while Tibetan-English switching is mainly driven by EFL teachers" ethnic identity and education background, as well as the duration of language contact; English-Chinese switching is also largely motivated by the duration of trilingual contact; and Chinese-Tibetan switching is determined by trilingual proficiency to a considerable extent. Meanwhile, psychologically, the switching is mainly motivated by a procedure of psychological projection, trilingual system conceptualization and the mentality of trilingual selection. 3 The educational reflections upon this study indicate: firstly, in trilingual context, the teachers" classroom discourse is characterized by the multilingual involvement, flexibility in strategy option as well as the extension and strengthening of the domination of teachers" discourse. Secondly, the discourse movement and code-switching are largely affected by two cultural ecological mechanisms: enculturation and cultural manipulation. Thirdly, the status quo of EFL trilingual teachers are characterized by unbalanced trilingual proficiencies, poor cultural awareness, and little knowledge of trilingual education and trilingual code-switching, therefore, suggestions are advanced in the end to provide them further education. Fourthly, in trilingual context, the EFL curriculum for ethnic minorities is characterized by plurality of aims, complexity of organization and variety of resources. Meanwhile, it is of great necessity to understand the linguistic values of EFL education for ethnic minority learners. To be specific, firstly, we should not only have a deep understanding of the distribution, construction, function as well as communicative effects of the three languages, but also have a comparative study of the three languages and thus provide the standardization and guidance for the trilingual education. In the end, it is advanced that trilingual EFL provision for ethnic minority should pursue to develop learners" multicultural value system in which first language culture and mother language culture take the central position and EFL culture plays a vital role.

3在三语环境下，教师课堂话语具有话语形态多元化、话语选择策略具有灵活性和教师话语权得到延伸和拓展等特征；文化涵化和文化操控是影响三语教师课堂语码转换的两种文化生态机制；参差不齐的三语水平、淡薄的多元文化意识和对三语教学和语码转换缺乏科学认识是我国目前三语师资的主要特点，因此应对三语教师进行职后继续教育；在三语环境下，民族外语课程具有课程目标多元化、课程组织复杂化和课程资源多样化等特点；应对民族外语教育的语言价值进行审视和解读，对三种语言在课堂话语中的分布趋势、结构特征、功能作用和交际效果等问题进行深入研究，加强对三种语言间的对比分析研究，同时对民族外语教育中的三语教学进行规范和指导；在强调民族文化和二语文化在三语文化格局中心地位和外语文化的重要作用的同时，民族地区的外语教育应以构建多元文化价值观为其文化追求。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。