文化斗争

Exactly, Marx paves the new way of philosophy in the intense struggle with traditional specula ional philosophy, in the critique and inherit ion to the former cultural heritage, in the studies about persons world of real life and their survival circumstances and development destiny, in the attention to the vital realistic question and working class.

马克思正是在同传统思辨哲学激烈的斗争中，在对以往文化遗产的批判继承的基础上，在研究人的现实生活世界与现实人的生存境遇和发展命运中，在对时代重大现实问题和工人阶级的关注中，才开辟出哲学新道路的。

Information needs made tribal chiefs send messengers in primitive societies and compelled Roman emperors and Califs create efficient postal and road systems, Gutenberg's printing revolution opened the era of the press, societal requirements and political struggle in the French kingdom made King Louis XIII produce La Gazette , economic and financial needs of the Fugger family contributed to the creation of the periodic press in Germany, the freedom of the press, the growth of literacy in England created and audience for the British press in the 18th century and opened up the public sphere which contributed to the development of civil society.

信息需求迫使原始社会中的部落首领开始传送信息，也驱使罗马君主和伊斯兰教国王创建了有效的邮政公路系统。古腾堡的印刷革命开启了出版业的新纪元，法兰西帝国时期的社会需求和政治斗争则促使路易十三传版了 La Gazette 报，而富格家族的经济和金融需求推动了德国期刊业的诞生。另外，出版自由和国民文化素质的提高为18世纪的英国出版业培养了受众，同时也开拓了大众的视野，这将有利于民主社会的发展。

Steeped in the bourgeois culture and way of life promoted by modern revisionists and imperialists, young people will become egoists who do not care about their society or collective, but are interested only in money—degenerates who dislike struggling and working and who are only after a life of comfort.

沉浸在现代修正主义和帝国主义提倡的资产阶级文化和生活方式中，青年人将变成个人主义者，他们不再关心社会和集体，而只对金钱感兴趣——堕落蜕变，他们不喜欢斗争和劳动，只追求安逸享乐。

The case attracted the attention of one of China's shrewdest writers, Liu Binyan, who had suffered in the antirightist campaign and the Cultural Revolution for his out-spokenness.

这件案子引起了刘宾雁的兴趣，刘是中国当时最敏锐作家之一，曾於反右斗争与文化大革命运动期间因直言敢谏而遭受迫害。

Though racialism took root deeply in American history and culture, and the stubborn racialists held back the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts out of various considerations. At last, the Chinese Exclusion Acts was repealed in the contending and compromising with the stubborn racialists.

所以，虽然种族歧视深植于美国的历史文化当中，顽固的种族主义分子出于各种考虑阻挠排华法的废除，最终，排华法还是在与顽固的种族主义分子的斗争与妥协中得以废除。

What are some of the compelling factors that have brought about these ugly spectacles between countries? Are there no panaceas that would enable them to co-exist peacefully?

历史上多的是国与国之间不能容忍、相互斗争的例子，尤其是那些在传统、种族、文化和宗教上关系紧密的国家。

The close proximity of these worlds and a deep-rooted cultural animosity has fueled many altercations between the two physically powerful species throughout their history.

由於这些星球位置邻近，加上文化内深根的仇恨，造就了这两支实体上强大的种族在历史上有许多斗争。

In their determination to read Dickinson's life in terms of a traditional romantic plot, biographers have missed the unique pattern of her life---her struggle to create a female life not yet imagined by the culture in which she lived.

他们决心在阅读传统的浪漫情节条款迪金森的生活，传记已经错过了她生活的独特模式---她的斗争，以创造一个女性的生活没有想象的文化，在她居住。

The Chinese were in the midst of the 1965 military strategy debate, the power struggle preceding the Cultural Revolution had led to the purge of the army chief of staff, Lo Jui-ch'ing, and the army had lost capability due to Lin Piao's efforts to use Mao Tse-tung Thought to enhance military prowess.

而中国方面并没有采取相应的行动。1965年，中国正在开展军事战略的争论，文化大革命前夕的夺权斗争使总参谋长罗瑞卿遭清除，林彪号召的学习毛泽东思想，提高军队素质的运动也削弱了军队的战斗力。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。