文化大革命

In the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976, China's students and others, under the guidance of Mao Zedong's peasant chiliasm, humiliated a majority of senior government and party leaders, attacked the country's major educational, social and political institutions, destroyed much of China's cultural heritage, and in general tried to smash the country's establishment.

文化大革命发生于1966-1976年，期间，在毛泽东农民锡利亚主义的指导下，中国的学生和其他人员羞辱了大批高级党政领导人，冲击了国家重要的教育、社会和政治机构，摧毁了中国的文化遗产，而且，一般地说，还试图粉碎国家机构。

The discipline structure was formed in the reform of college in the early years of the new nation, and was made to the comprehensive adjustment in "the Great Leap Forward". Although it has suffered the significant setback at "the Great Cultural Revolution", finally it realized the historic surmount after the reform and open policy , and it alleviates the disconformity between the discipline structure and the development of economic society in certain degree. However, the discipline the scale blind expansion of the discipline, the slow development of emerging and the interdisciplinary studies, the disadvantage discipline environment and so on exist .All those could not adapt the current comprehensive construction of the well-off society and harmonious social request.

建国初期的院系调整中我国的学科结构初步形成，并在"大跃进"时期进行了全面调整，虽然在"文化大革命"中遭受了重大挫折，但最终在改革开放后实现了历史性跨越，使我国的学科结构与经济社会发展不相适应的状况得到了一定程度的改善，但是仍存在学科规模盲目扩张、新兴和交叉学科发展缓慢，学科环境不优与缺乏学科文化底蕴等问题，不能适应当前我国全面建设小康社会及构建和谐社会的要求。

The six authors have displayed, in their own ways, a panorama of modem Chinese social life. Zhan Xin-xin expresses the anxiety and lost self of Chinese people at the beginning of main current political culture breakdown and materialistic flooding immediately after the Great Cultural Revolution. Liu Suo-la exposes the anti-classic and pro-individualistic radicalism of young college students facing an opening-up and multi-cultural age. Chen-Rong, in transcendence of historical rationalism, proposes human spiritual emancipation and subjective revelation in order to oppose traditional feudalistic stereotypes. Liu Zhen-yun in his typical cool-minded description, discloses the routine spiritual enslavement, oppression and murder, as well as men\'s helplessness, hopelessness and distortedness in familiar daily life affairs. Zhang Wei attaches importance to a heart-felt emotional and conscientious expression, thinking that the only things that may combine one\'s individual subjective options with his personal moral responsibility towards world and others are his inner authentic feelings and conscience.

这六位作家是张辛欣、刘索拉、谌容、刘震云、张炜和潘军，他们从不同的角度，以各自不同的方式，展示了中国现代社会中的一幅幅人生图景：张辛欣的作品呈现了"文化大革命"以后主流政治文化分化瓦解和物质主义泛滥初始人的自我迷失与彷徨焦虑的状态；刘索拉表达了改革开放和文化多元时代青年大学生反叛经典和张扬个性的激进姿态；谌容从超越历史理性的高度致力于反抗传统意识和封建世俗观念对人格个性的压抑，提倡人的精神解放和主体意志的彰显；刘震云以近乎残忍的描写，揭露了熟视无睹的日常生活对人的精神上的奴役、蹂躏和扼杀以及人在这一过程中的无奈、绝望和扭曲；张炜强调一种内在真情与良知的表达，认为唯一能够把个人的主观选择与对世界、对他人的道德责任联系起来的，就是人在心灵深处为自己和他人保存的那一份真情与良知；潘军从复归自我和维护个性尊严的角度，把人的爱欲和物欲升华为一种超越世俗伦理道德的纯个人化、精神化的心理体验和情感交流。

The six authors have displayed, in their own ways, a panorama of modem Chinese social life. Zhan Xin-xin expresses the anxiety and lost self of Chinese people at the beginning of main current political culture breakdown and materialistic flooding immediately after the Great Cultural Revolution. Liu Suo-la exposes the anti-classic and pro-individualistic radicalism of young college students facing an opening-up and multi-cultural age. Chen-Rong, in transcendence of historical rationalism, proposes human spiritual emancipation and subjective revelation in order to oppose traditional feudalistic stereotypes. Liu Zhen-yun in his typical cool-minded description, discloses the routine spiritual enslavement, oppression and murder, as well as men"s helplessness, hopelessness and distortedness "in familiar daily life affairs. Zhang Wei attaches importance to a heart-felt emotional and conscientious expression, thinking that the only things that may combine ones individual subjective options with his personal moral responsibility towards world and others are his inner authentic feelings and conscience.

这六位作家是张辛欣、刘索拉、谌容、刘震云、张炜和潘军，他们从不同的角度，以各自不同的方式，展示了中国现代社会中的一幅幅人生图景：张辛欣的作品呈现了"文化大革命"以后主流政治文化分化瓦解和物质主义泛滥初始人的自我迷失与彷徨焦虑的状态；刘索拉表达了改革开放和文化多元时代青年大学生反叛经典和张扬个性的激进姿态；谌容从超越历史理性的高度致力于反抗传统意识和封建世俗观念对人格个性的压抑，提倡人的精神解放和主体意志的彰显；刘震云以近乎残忍的描写，揭露了熟视无睹的日常生活对人的精神上的奴役、蹂躏和扼杀以及人在这一过程中的无奈、绝望和扭曲；张炜强调一种内在真情与良知的表达，认为唯一能够把个人的主观选择与对世界、对他人的道德责任联系起来的，就是人在心灵深处为自己和他人保存的那一份真情与良知；潘军从复归自我和维护个性尊严的角度，把人的爱欲和物欲升华为一种超越世俗伦理道德的纯个人化、精神化的心理体验和情感交流。

These are the ancestors of those left behind Yang Gongyuan authentic books on feng shui, the experience is not clear, in the new China, and Xiangxi bandits disturb the baptism of war, but saddened me the most pinworm or 1964 "mini 4 -" 1965 "- senior" and the 1970s when the Cultural Revolution that left a lot of bad feng shui Chinese Book of Changes culture of the ancient books were burned, the present Yang Gongyuan of these books is authentic feng shui to the truth of the sperm of this is grandpa with their lives and will be paid for in Chile, of which a third was burned, photos can be clearly seen.

这几本祖上留下的这些杨公正宗风水古籍书，是经历了清未、民国、新中国、湘西土匪扰乱等战火的洗礼，但最让我家祖伤心的还是一九年"小四清"、一九六五年"大四清"及七十年代文化大革命时候，祖上留下很多中国古代周易风水文化古籍书被烧掉，发上来这几本杨公正宗风水古籍是至精之术的真存本，是爷爷用生命和智慧换来的，其中有一本被烧了三分之一，从照片中可清晰的看到。

So it is necessary to deeply and subtly study the political culture of the Culture Revolution.

所以，有必要深入、细致、多层面地研究"文化大革命"时期的政治文化。

These policies peaked during the reign of terror known as the CultureRevolution, from 1966 to 1976, millions were persecuted, children turned downtheir parents, and neighbors snooped on each others, and the states cementedits role as the arbiter that all that was important in life, research of that whetherRevolution destroyed the Chinese family.

在1966年到1976年之间的文化大革命之间，这个政策到达了顶峰，数百万人受到迫害，子女不认父母，邻居互相窥探，百姓生活的方方面面都要经过审查。文化大革命是破坏了中国传统家庭。

This polemic vision of a mankind which finds fulfillment only in renouncing humanity opens the way for a reflection on the nature of the Cultural Revolution that is more deep-reaching than most "Educated Youth literature," in that it examines Maoist totalitarianism within the context of the link between humanity and socialization.

小说中所批判文化大革命的本质是：放弃人本来的个性，而追求文化大革命所要求人们达到的个人价值。大多数知青文学仅限于在人性和社会化进程中分析毛泽东的极权，而王小波的小说则更深层地触摸到了文化大革命的本质。

This polemic vision of a mankind which finds fulfillment only in renouncing humanity opens the way for a reflection on the nature of the Cultural Revolution that is more deep-reaching than most "Educated Youth literature," in that it examines Maoist totalitarianism within the context of the link between humanity and socialization.

小说中所批判文化大革命的本质是：放弃人本来的个性，而追求文化大革命所要求人们达到的个人价值。大多数知青文学仅限於在人性和社会化进程中分析毛泽东的极权，而王小波的小说则更深层地触摸到了文化大革命的本质。

For China's most dynamic, most cosmopolitan and sassiest city, this is a time to celebrate. After decades of hibernation followingthe founding of Mao Zedong's People's Republic in 1949, Shanghai is returning to its roost as a global center of commerce and

对于中国最有活力，最时尚的国际都市，这是一个值得庆祝的时刻，在经过了十年文化大革命之后，上海正在回归它全球文化化和经济中心的角色。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。