文化

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

Under this background, in this thesis, Enterprise Culture of small and medium enterprises is the orientation.

本文正是在这种社会背景下，以中小企业为出发点，从企业文化建设这个突破口入手，首先阐述了企业文化的内涵、结构、功能及特点等基础理论，然后在分析我国中小企业文化建设的现状、存在的问题和成因就基础上，通过中小企业文化建设案例分析，并结合我国中小企业实际，提出建设中小企业文化的具体对策和措施。

The current study aims at distinctions of facework employment between Chinese and western culture, and leaning towards mixing. The discussion mainly focus on the followings: the analysis of characteristics of traditional"li"culture; Chinese concept of"face"in"li"culture; individualism in American culture; individualism in Chinese communication;the acceptance of"li"in American concept of face. What is really new in this study is to find out new tendency of mixing of"face"concepts in Chinese-Western communication.

在不同的文化背景下，其应用方式和应用原则大相径庭，本文旨在论述和研究中国和美国两种不同的文化背景下，面子问题在交际过程中应用的区别，对交际效果产生的影响以及相互融合的趋势，主要从以下几方面进行论述：阐述中国传统&礼&文化的特点；&礼&文化影响下中国人的面子观；美国文化中的个人主义特点；个人主义价值观中面子概念的特点；中国人交往中个人主义的突显。

It is common knowledge and rather obvious that contemporary art and pop culture have been influencing and mixing up with each other with ever stronger momentum. Generally speaking, such phenomenon is caused by the following factors: first of all, pop culture is an unavoidable existence in the field of the contemporary social culture, especially in urban culture. Elements of pop culture are always employed by artists who attempt to present the modern social life in a critical, ironical or neutral way. But their standpoint and intention of choosing the visual resources are different from that of the mass media and the public.

众所周知，在当代社会中艺术与大众文化的相互渗透、混杂的现象已经明显加剧，造成这种现象的原因大致有这么几点：首先，大众文化是当代社会文化领域，特别是都市文化领域中一个不能回避的问题，不管艺术家是处于批判、反讽或者是不动声色的呈现当代社会生活的时候都涉及到运用大众文化形态的问题，只不过艺术家选择这些视觉资源的时候其出发点及立场与大众传媒和社会公众不同。

Culture security is defined that the functional order of the national culture system, mechanism, sequence based on national mainstream of core value,are free from interruption, erosion , destruction, and also including the integrality, organic whole of the national culture sovereignty, culture interest ,culture dignity and so on.

文化安全是指一个国家以主流价值体系为核心的各种文化体制、机制、秩序的运行常态及其所标示的国家文化主权、文化利益及文化尊严的完整性、有机性不被国内外不良因素所干扰、妨碍、侵蚀与破坏。

Chinese pine and cypress culture,a cultural system centered on pine and cypress and their related cultural phenomena formed in the course of processing and utilizing pine and cypress and being used not just as a kind of natural material, is the essence of Chinese forestry culture and an important component of Chinese traditional culture with rich connotations.

摘要中国松柏文化是指人类在加工和利用松柏的过程中超越了松柏作为自然物的范畴，形成的一种与松柏相关的文化现象和以松柏为中心的文化体系。它是中国林业文化的精髓，是我国传统文化的重要组成部分，具有丰富的内涵。

Chinese pine and cypress culture,a cultural system centered on pine and cypress and their related cultural phenomena formed in the course of processing and utilizing pine and cypress and being used not just as a kind of natural material,is the essence of Chinese forestry culture and an important component of Chinese traditional culture with rich connotations.

中国松柏文化泛指人类在加工和利用松柏的过程中超越了松柏作为自然物的范畴，形成的一种与松柏相关的文化现象和以松柏为中心的文化体系。它的形成源于人类认识自然、改造自然过程中对自然松柏的认识和反映。中国松柏文化是中国林业文化的精髓。

The author in this paper systematically analyzes the burial custom of the Zangs through trying out the theories and methods of cultural anthropology from the national cultural background and burial custom's social functions of th e Zangs,and makes an explanation on the national cultural background of burial c ustom's production and development of the Zangs and summs up the social function s of burial custom from the angle of ecological environment,Bonism,Buddhism and Han culture.

本文试用文化人类学整体观这一理论方法，从藏族特有的民族文化背景和葬俗的社会功能两个方面，对藏族的丧葬习俗进行较为系统的分析。本文将从生态环境、本教、佛教和汉文化等四种文化角度探入来解读藏族丧葬习俗产生并发展所依托的民族文化背景，归结出藏族丧葬习俗所承载的四项主要社会功能。

Olympic culture has been communicated for a period of nearly 100 years. As the key of Olympic culture,the Olympic spirits has very important influence, especially in the time of Beijing hosting 2008 Olympic Games, communicating Olympic spirits with the construction of physical education on culture in campus has become the need of the new time. Physical education culture in the campus is an important part of the culture in campus. It is the briskest and the most original culture in the campus and exerts a subtle influence on the people in the campus.

奥林匹克文化在我国高校中的传播已经有近100年的历史，而奥林匹克精神作为奥林匹克文化的核心，具有丰富的内涵和良好的教育价值，在北京即将举办2008年奥运会之际，在我国高校中更广泛地弘扬与传播奥林匹克精神已成为时代发展的需求；高校校园体育文化是高校校园文化的重要组成部分，是高校师生接触最为广泛，最有活力的一种文化，对校园人有着多方面的重要影响，如何将两者相结合以实现良性的互动，有着重要的研究价值。

So my essay includ~ four parts: 1st, lie entertainment of Wat She Coit Lan (lie puIhiC place of emftertainnient; 2nd, the recreational activities of Dung ~Jing抯 festivals; 3rd, the boats?race in lie pond of?Jing J\ling: 4th,(lie rest pattern and the rest culture.

为此，本文从东京综合性娱乐场所——瓦舍勾栏里的文娱活动，分析其所体现的市民文化特点；从东京的节目娱乐活动，分析当时的节目文化；从金明池龙舟争标竞渡及其前后的各种娱乐活动，分析宫廷文化和市民文化的交融；从东京市民的休闲方式和休闲生活分析市民的休闲文化。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。