整数的

Suppose G is a finite group, then QG is a semisimple Q-algera, obviously ZG is a Z-order of QG,we denote the maximal Z-order by ?.If G is not abelian, it is not an easy thing to determine г; if G is an abelian group, then QG is isomorphic to the direct sum of a finite number of number fields, and r is the direct sum of these rings of algebraic integers of those number fields, but which elements of QG belong to r is not clear.

设G是一个有限群，那么QG是一个半单代数，ZG是QG的一个Z-序，设Γ是QG的一个极大Z-序，当G是一个非交换群时，Γ的求解是困难的问题；当G是一个交换群时，QG同构于有限多个数域的直和，Γ相应的就是各数域代数整数环的直和，但Γ具体是QG中那些元素不清楚。

In this master thesis, we mainly discuss the adjacent vertex- distinguishing total chromatic numbers of some special graphs and prove that Zhang"s conjecture holds for these graphs. Then we get the adjacent vertex-distinguishing total chromatic numbers of the Halin Graphs. Moreover, we investigate the Generalized Petersen Graphs, prove that some classes of positive integers can"t structure the Generalized Petersen Graphs and get the result that the adjacent vertex-distinguishing total chromatic number is 5. Finally, based on the number and the parity of circles contained by the graph, we get the adjacent vertex-distinguishing total chromatic number of two classes of graphs.

本学位论文首先主要针对几个特殊图类讨论其邻点可区别全色数，验证了其满足图的邻点可区别全色数的猜想；再证明了非轮的Halin图的邻点可区别全色数；接着研究的是广义Petersen图，讨论了不能构成广义Petersen图的几类正整数，并证明了该图的邻点可区别全色数等于5；最后，根据图所含圈的个数及其奇偶性得到了两类图的邻点可区别全色数。

Software Description: XICalc is an integer calculator program with the following features: multiple precision integers with millions of digits; uses Hartley Transform to speed-up long multiplies; separate input and outputnotation, base 2 to base 36; greatest common divisor function; Modulo arithmetic options; Bernoullinumbers, Euler Numbers; Boolean functions; random number generator; prime factor algorithm using theElliptic Curve Method; number theoretic functions phi, sigma and tau; prime testing and searching using the Adleman function; algebraic notation; if-then-else statement; go-to statement; can run XICalc code from files; hot help from F1 key; and it抯 written in Microsoft Visual C#.

XICalc 是一款带有如下功能的综合性计算器软件：带有百万数位的多精度整数；使用 Hartley Transform 加速长整型多样化计算；以2到36为基数分隔输入和输出符号；最大公约数函数；模数算法选项；Bernoulli 数字；Euler 数字；布尔函数；随机数字生成器；使用圆周曲线算法的主要因素运算法则；π，τ，Σ的数字理论函数；使用 Adleman 函数的最初测试和搜索功能；代数符号；if-then-else 语法结构声明；go-to 语法结构声明；来自于文件的XICalc 代码；F1键的热点帮助；并且该软件是采用适用于 Windows 操作系统的微软 Visual C#。

Moreover in carrier phase difference localization application, this paper introduces the basic principles of both the integer least square method and the LAMBDA method for resolving the integer ambiguity solution. Through a short baseline example and compared with the unlimited least square method, the results show that, LAMBDA method considers the ambiguity's integer characteristic and also decorrelates ambiguity's covariance, so it meliorates the covariance field of ambiguity, avoid the covariance's discontinuity.

另外在载波相位差分定位的应用中则详细讨论研究了整周模糊度解算中的基于整数最小二乘法及其降相关平差方法解算原理，通过一个短基线的实例计算分析其定位效果表明：较于未加限制的最小二乘搜索算法，LAMBDA方法能使相应的定位精度明显提高，具有较高的应用价值。

In this paper, a model of network reconfiguration based on CMAC neural network is proposed.The feeder reconfiguration for loss minimization in distribution systems is realized by changing the status of sectionalizing and tie switches. However, there are many switches in a distribution system.

在满足各种运行约束条件下，以网损最小为目标的配电网重构问题是个典型的非线性整数组合优化问题，由于开关很多，很难用常规的数学模型直接建立负荷与网损最小时的开关状态之间的关系。

The spin-1/2 dimerized antiferromagnetic system is related to spin-Peierls tran-sition.There are still some discrepancy on the behavior of the ground energy densityand energy gap,such as pure power-law,logarithmic correction to the pure power-law in the uniform,integer powers in the dimerized limit,etc.

自旋S-1/2的二聚化反铁磁链与spin-Peierls相变有关，在对其基态能和激发能隙的临界行为描述上仍存在一些不完全一致的观点：如均匀极限的纯幂级数律，纯幂级数律的对数修正；二聚化极限的整数幂级数行为等。

All of these classes are challenging in their own way, but eventing is probably the most difficult, since it requires horses and riders to be well rounded and to have plenty of stamina.

所有这些班都是具有挑战性的，在他们自己的方式，但eventing可能是最困难的，因为它需要的马匹和骑士，以良好的整数，并有足够的后劲。

To overcome the shortcoming of the double-way authentication access control scheme based on Harns digital signature, a new double-way authentication protocol is proposed to improve the old one. A new single-key-lock-pair access control scheme is proposed as a improved access control scheme, based on the property that a integer can be denoted into only one binary digital.

针对基于Harn数字签名双向认证访问控制实现方案中所存在的问题，运用密码技术改进了原方案的双向认证协议，并作为对原访问控制方案的改进，基于整数二进制表示的唯一性，提出了一种新的单钥-锁对访问控制方案。

Comparative Relative Strength compares the price movement of a stock with an index, a sector or another stock to illustrate how they are performing relative to one another.

这样就可以算出RS的值，进行1－99的评分就像上面提到的一样，每日按照RS值对全部股票进行排序，每个百分点之间的数确定为其对应整数部分的分值，最后不1％部分，全部取值为1。

All integer values are stored in the SWF file by using little-endian byte order: the least significant byte is stored first, and the most significant byte is stored last, in the same way as the Intel x86 architecture.

这些整数在swf文件中是以little-endian的顺序来存储的：低字节在前，高字节在后，同样方法应用于Intel X86体系结构。而每个字节的每一位则是按big-endian的顺序来排列的：即高位在先，低位在后。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。