整体估算

At the same time, the cooperation of the multi-layer frame structure is researched with FEA when the pre-stressed threads are stretching, and the relationship between the beam of stretching layer and the beams of nearly layers is discussed. The layout effect of regular reinforcement in the beam on the pre-stressed effective quantities is also analyzed, and the elementary estimation formula of pre-stressing loss on the multi-layer frame is also deduced according to the pre-stressing loss of one-layer pre-stressed frame structure.

同时文中还运用有限元对多层框架结构在预应力张拉过程中，某层梁预应力的张拉与相邻层梁的影响关系和结构各构件的整体协同工作做了研究，分析了非预应力筋在梁中的配置对框架梁预应力有效量的影响；并且在一层框架梁侧限预应力损失的基础上，扩展了多层框架结构中侧向约束引起梁的预应力损失值的初步设计估算公式。

Then, Chapter Three is, from the external visual angle and by using the method of costs analysis, going to analyze and estimate the social cost losses of the state and consumers due to tobacco smoking, and comprehensively review difficulties confronted by enforcement of smoking control measures in China as well as importance and urgency of the tobacco monopoly system vs. the state's overall economic interests in consideration of the economic benefits offered by tobacco.

然后，第三章从外部性视角并运用成本分析方法分析和估算了吸烟给国家和消费者所带来的社会成本损失，并结合烟草所提供的经济利益，来综合考察我国实施控烟措施所面临的困难和烟草专卖制度对国家整体的经济利益的重要性和迫切性。

Based on the radiation characteristic of air speedy object, taking into account the synthetic influence factors of the real configuration of object, sun radiation, space long-wave radiation and the environment radiation around object, a further study for the effect of scarfskin pneumatic heating up, used equivalent resistance to estimate inner heat-resource and gave prominence to the influence on scarfskin radiation caused by engine heat-scattering, a logical and effective IR imaging simulation model for airplane is presented in this paper.

从红外辐射和热传导基本定律出发，综合考虑目标实际结构、太阳辐射、天空长波辐射、气动加热及周围环境辐射等因素的影响，依据空中快速目标热辐射特性，分析气动加热对飞机蒙皮辐射的作用，运用等效热阻对内热源部分进行估算，突出发动机传热部分对飞机整体辐射产生的影响，并建立一种可靠实用的空中飞机红外成像仿真模型，仿真过程中结合对空实拍红外图像进行动态调整，目标模拟结果真实感较强。

While compared with routine linearity injection, arc-needle injection 131I-iodinated oil step-by-step sector-shapely through implant C6 glioma and SMMC-7721 hepatoma at subcutis, Rat survival time increased, the body weight kept less descent, their lumps necrose wholely.

对C6、中文提要放射性核素在瘤体内的均匀弥散、持续滞留和辐射剂量估算研究 sMMc一7721的皮下瘤模型瘤内弧形针分段扇形注射'3，I一碘化油，与直行针线状注射相比，动物存活时间长，体重下降少，肿块皇整体坏死。

Based on the study and inheritance of the domestic and overseas achievement in the related field, this thesis makes research into the theory and application: On theory, this thesis puts forward the concepts of Engineering Cost, Engineering Cost Management and Engineering Cost Estimation, analyzes the relation between them; And it introduces the factors which influence the engineering cost estimation, then puts forward the study of the methods; It particularizes the common methods of estimating the engineering cost, introduces the principle, the operation and the application condition, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method; By introducing the mention, the principle, the reasoning process and the comparison with the traditional reasoning mechanisms, it makes out the essence of this method, and views it as a whole.

本文在研究、继承已有国内外研究成果的基础上，在理论和应用方面都进行了研究：理论方面，提出了工程造价、工程造价管理、工程造价估算的概念，分析之间的相互关联；介绍工程造价估算的影响因素，提出对编制方法的探讨；列举出目前常用的工程造价估算方法，介绍各种方法的原理、使用方法及应用条件，分析各自的优缺点；通过介绍基于案例推理的提出、基本原理、推理过程和与传统推理机制的比较，剖析该方法的精髓，对其有了整体把握。应用方面，基于对研究对象的深刻理解，分析了工程造价估算问题和基于案例推理二者结合的必要性和可行性；建立了基于案例推理的工程造价估算系统，综合运用模糊数学、灰色理论、运筹学等知识，构造了系统算法；并运用上述理论和方法进行了实例分析，实现了基于案例推理的工程造价估算问题的初步研究，使得运用基于案例推理方法解决工程造价估算问题的设想得到了肯定。

First, based on the relations of stress and strain between the whole medium and its macroscopically isotropic constituents, an explicit relation between elastic matrices of the whole medium and its constituents was derived. Combining the explicit relation of elastic matrices with the strain's relation, two coefficient tensors were defined and analyzed to get a general relation between the hulk and shear modulus of the whole medium under the assumption that all the field variables are in a unified coordinate system. Secondly, combining these relations with the classical Hashin-Shtrikman elastic modulus bounds, four new expressions of elastic medium of the whole medium were obtained and compared with the original hounds. Last, these formulae were applied in the computation of effective elastic moduli of clean sandstone saturated with pore water.

首先基于整体介质与宏观各向同性组分满足的应力和应变组分关系，推导出整体介质弹性矩阵与组分弹性矩阵之间的显式关系，联合其应变关系，定义和分析了对应的两个系数张童，并据此导出了相关场变量位于统一坐标系时整体介质体积模量与剪切模量的关系；然后将经典的Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界模型与上述关系式结合，得到4个新的整体介质弹性模量的估算公式，再与原始的Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界进行了比较，最后针对饱和水纯净砂岩介质进行了试算。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。