整体主义

The extruding problems existing in primary and middle school literary education are as follows: practicalism endangers literay education; scientific thoughts dominate literary class; knowledge-centered theory weakens the influence of literature; literary textbooks are confined to "teaching"and "training";"tool complex"prevails in literary interpretation; literary instructors restricted by the system generally show a lack of literary quality.Part Three is a prediction and construction of the future.

中小学文学教育所存在的突出问题是，实用主义思想严重影响着文学教育的生态，科学主义思想在整体上控制着文学教学，主知主义对文学感受力的消解，文学教材囿于&教化&与&训练&模式，文学阐释中存在着深深的&工具情结&，受体制制约的文学教师普遍表现出文学素养的缺失。

Rigorous experiments by psychologists such as Peng Kaiping and Wu Shali show that there are striking cognitive differences between Chinese and Americans, with Chinese more likely to use contextual and dialectical approaches to solving problems. Psychologists Huang Guangguo and Yang Zhongfang from Taiwan and Hongkong advocate the use of traditional Chinese ideas like the "relationism" and "middle way" for psychological research.

彭凯平、吴沙莉等心理学者设计的心理学实验显示，中国人与美国人之间存在着明显的认知差异，中国人更倾向于考虑整体情境和用辩证的方式解决问题；来自台湾和香港的心理学家黄光国、杨中芳将&关系主义&、&中庸之道&等传统价值理念引入了心理学研究。

Rigorous experiments by psychologists such as Peng Kaiping and Wu Shali show that there are striking cognitive differences between Chinese and Americans, with Chinese more likely to use contextual and dialectical approaches to solving problems. Psychologists Huang Guangguo and Yang Zhongfang from Taiwan and Hongkong advocate the use of traditional Chinese ideas like the "relationism" and "middle way" for psychological research.

彭凯平、吴沙莉等心理学者设计的心理学实验显示出中国人与美国人之间存在着明显的认知差异，中国人更倾向于考虑整体情境，采用辩证的方式解决问题；来自台湾、香港的心理学家黄光国、杨中芳将&关系主义&、&中庸思想&等传统价值理念引入了心理学研究。

This paper discussed the distribution of forest resources in the tropics, their main types, main characteristics and present management status, and proposed twelve management modes, and these modes include establishing nature conservation region, eco-public-benefit forest management, extravisme, limiting logging and regeneration after logging, logging three and remaining seven method, tropical shelterwood system, sylviculture douce, whole cultivation method, specialized cultivation method, strip clearcutting method, developing tree species of lacking noted and nature regeneration, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation.

本文对世界热带地区的森林资源分布、基本类型、主要特征、世界次生林的经营现状和主要经营方式讨论。这些经营方式包括建立自然保护区、生态公益林经营、&采掘主义&、限制采伐和伐后更新、&砍三留七&法、&扶持&式育林法、&抑制&式育林法、整体培育法、专门培育法、带状皆伐法、开发欠知名树种、自然更新和封山育林。

The integral design is of absolutely concise style. Club VOLAR's appearance has infused people in Shanghai with the whole new concept.

整体的极简主义设计，给上海带来令人为之振奋的高级Club全新理念。

It tries to find the special ethos of Chinese nationality as in opposition to western cultural universalism. However, the overall interpretation of China by historicism is ambiguous. Of western civilization, Chinese historicism rejects its value of Enlightenment but accepts its dangerous idea of statism. It can be predicted that the alternative modernity Chinese historicism is pursuing will end up being a de-valued and de-ethicized state power with its system legitimized in the Weberian fashion.

它试图发现中国特殊的民族本真性，以对抗西方的文明一元论，然而，历史主义对中国的整体化诠释是暧昧的，在抛弃西方文明中启蒙价值的同时，却吸纳了其可怕的国家主义，最终其所追求的另类现代性，只是一种去价值和去伦理的国家富强和韦伯式的制度合理化而已。

Viewing the two novels as a whole, this thesis draws a conclusion that more than half a century ago Willa Cather adumbrated an ecofeminist view about nature and civilization that go beyond a merely instrumental notion of pioneering.

把这两部小说视作一个整体，本文认为早在半个多世纪前，凯瑟就已在她的小说中反映了当今生态女性主义的所倡议的主题，而不仅仅是过去评论界所讨论的实用主义的拓荒精神。

Therefore,Helene Cixous put up the deconstruction strategy-"Body Writing",with a body language to express the women's all experience of overall resistance to logocenterism.In the 1990s, Chen Ran and Lin Bai,two representative of a group of women writers,and boldly to women has long been accumulated in the body and suppress all taboos in the end of the discourse on the aesthetic.They fully tap the female body revolutionary and let the body writing become an important trend in female literary writing,extended to the beginning of the 21st century now,until it became a kind of fashion writing.Under the consumptive culture erosion,the body writing has exhausted any ideological resistance in female body and eventually became the most tempting symbol of consumption and consumption strategy in consumer society.

埃莱娜·西苏因此提出&身体写作&的解构策略，用一种身体的语言去表达妇女整体的，反抗逻各斯中心主义的全部体验。20世纪90年代，以陈染和林白为代表的一批中国女性作家，大胆地把长久以来积淀在女性躯体上的所有禁忌和压抑终结在了审美的叙事话语上，充分地挖掘了女性躯体的革命性，成为后来者从事女性写作绕不过的经验，同时也让身体写作成为一股女性文学的重要潮流，延续到21世纪初的现在，直至它成为一种写作的时尚，在消费文化的侵蚀下，耗尽了女性躯体所包蕴的任何意识形态反抗性，最终沦为消费社会最具诱惑性的消费符号和消费策略。

Sartre begins with Kant' s celebrated remark that the " I think must be able to accompany all our representation", and acknowledges that Kant himself treated the unity of consciousness as a purely formal requirement, a set of conditions for the possibility of an empirical consciousness, and not a thing, but he explicitly criticizes the Neo-Kantians for having reified the transcendental ego.

萨特最初是从康德的名论&我认为我的论点必须能适应所有的陈述&开始的，并认为康德将他的意识整体处理为纯粹的形式条件，一套为经验意识的可能性服务的条件，而非某一事物。但是，他明确批判新康德主义物化超越自我。

He thought that "literariness" also enabled a work to be a literary work Russian formalists understood "literariness" from the form linguistics and pay attention to the form and skill of a work.

俄国形式主义对&文学性&的认识是从形式语言学出发，关注作品的形式和技巧，利用文学的&陌生化&，通过语言形式的强化、重叠、颠倒、浓缩、扭曲、延缓等方式，打破文学语言的正常节奏、韵律和构成，摆脱语言的&自动化&，使其与人们熟悉的语言形式相疏理相错位，并且进一步将&陌生化&运用到文学作品的形式，产生耳目一新的感觉；英美新批评派则从文本语义结构上所体现出来的多层次、多意义的朦胧性特征来探讨&文学性&；到了结构主义那里，他们主要强调在整体结构系统中来把握文学文本，突破了形式主义和新批评专注于具体作品分析的局限，通过具体作品去发现背后普遍的结构模式，同时也正是在对具有普遍意义的抽象结构的关注，使其进一步了认识&文学性&。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。