数学

The circumspective concern for the ready-to-hand turn into the theoretical disclose in the present-at-hand, which shows the genesis of science.

数学因素有其历史渊源，柏拉图主义的一个重要特征就是数学因素。数学因素是近现代科学的基本特征，它开启了近现代科学。

The dissertation has summarized the historical experience of our army competitions on wide research, analyzed roundly the requirement of the"Two Competitions"comprehensive evaluation system. It has been according as the"Compendia of Construction in Military Grassroots",based on the modern mathematics and model method ,been supported by the information technology and synthetically applied much method such as Delphi, AHP, Fuzzy, Metasynthesis, WSR, etc. And also, taken the characteristic and the practical experience of the"Two Competitions"into account, the dissertation has discussed the functional structure and comprehensive evaluation index system, and also constructed the comprehensive evaluation model with the Fuzzy Mathematics.

本文在广泛调查研究，总结我军开展争先创优活动的历史经验的基础上，全面分析了&双争&活动对综合评估系统的需求，以《军队基层建设纲要》为依据，以现代数学理论和建模方法为基础，以信息技术为支撑，综合运用德尔斐、层次分析、模糊数学、综合集成、物理-事理-人理等方法，同时结合&双争&评比自身的特点和实践经验，探讨了系统功能结构的设计思路和综合评估指标的构建方法，并运用模糊数学理论构建了&双争&模糊综合评估模型。

A mathematical model of optical axis fitting is put forward here. The model combines analytic method and numerical analysis method together with consideration of the actual decentration measurement.

提出一种光轴拟合的数学模型，该数学模型结合了解析方法和数值分析方法，考虑了中心偏测量的实际情况，在严格的数学模型基础上做了合理的简化。

So to analyze in the aspect of description, it is useful to delouse the fount how inarticulateness comes into being; Based on the economic relationship and from the viewpoint of the pursuit of aim, the object of studying, the original creation of aesthetics, as well as the articulate knowledge and inarticulate knowledge, Polanyi distinguished the acquisitive way of science and technology. The development model of personal Knowledge can be generalized as the enthusiasm of seeking knowledge; Polanyi revealed how personal factors of mathematician cut across logical chasm, and gained mathematics findings in math" s activities. Thus he proved mathematics was also activity-needed techniques as natural science; Last evaluating the theory of "Personal Knowledge systematically, it can reveal its realistic significance and limitation.

波兰尼把认知结构区分为可言传知识与不可言传知识，与20世纪以来西方哲学的中心课题转向语言学的研究一致，所以从言述的角度出发，有助于了解不可言传性如何形成的根源；波兰尼以经济关系为立足点，从科学与技术的目的追求、研究对象、美的原创性，以及从可言传知识与默会知识的角度对两者的获取途径做了区分；其个人知识发展模式可以概括为：求知热情→启发性热情→说服性热情……；波兰尼揭示出数学家的个人因素是如何在数学活动中跨越逻辑鸿沟，取得数学发现的，从而证明数学同自然科学一样，也是一项需要技能的活动；最后对&个人知识&理论作一系统的评价，揭示&个人知识&理论的现实意义和局限性。

Students must mastery not only episteme and ability, which didactical outline stipulates, but also ways and means mathematic thinking, that can develop their thinking.

学生学习数学，不仅要掌握教学大纲所规定的数学实践知识、技能和能力，而且要掌握数学思维的方法，促进思维的发展。

The Double-base Teaching is one of traditional features in the mathematics" education in our country, which focuses on how to cultivate the students" inquiry ability in the daily teaching. First of all, from the beginning of the double-base teaching, we pay attention to the original knowledge during the teaching of concepts, definitions, theorems and formulas. In the case of exercising lessons, we conclude, summarize and train the student"s emanative ideations. In the review lessons, we care about the interconnections of various knowledge. Next, because theopen subjects have the better functions to be researched, we create them in the daily teaching. It is also a very important approach to cultivate the students" inquiry ability.

重视双基教学是我国中学数学教学的传统特色，在日常教学中培养学生的探究能力，应首先从双基教学开始：在概念、定义、定理、公式的教学中注重知识的起源；在例习题教学中，注重归纳、小结及训练学生的发散思维能力；在复习课的教学中注重各知识的相互联系；其次，由于数学开放题具有良好的探究功能，因此，在日常教学中适当创设数学开放题，也是培养学生探究能力的一个重要途径。

Namely,"how to teach mathematics course in realtion to other subjects","how to improve our classroom teaching patterns","how to strengh students mathematics co -mmunication in classroom teaching","how to enlight students understanding math- ematics with mathematics experiments","how to implement assessment on teachers and students".

第二部分，中、美课例的对比研究，分别从如何进行课程整合、如何改进我们的课堂教学模式、如何促进学生的数学交流、如何在课堂上运用数学实验促进学生的数学认知、如何在课堂上评价教师的课堂教学等五个大的方面进行了同一教学内容的比较。

The surveillant software of Epigynous PC is programmed by Visual C++ in Windows, and it has graphical interfaces to make man-machine conversation.

在系统数学模型分析过程中，通过对电机的数学模型分析，最后得出系统速度环和位置环的数学模型。

Part two: The establishment of the model on the evaluation system of surgical practice quality for five-year clinical medicine education In this part methods of level analysis and specialist consultation are applied to weigh all the essential evaluation factors; and on the basis of the weighing, fuzzy mathematics overall assessment is used to establish mathematic models, which will also be testified followingly to assure that the comprehensive evaluation method constructed taking these three parts as main contents is scientific, efficient and feasible so that it can be employed to the evaluation of surgical practice quality of five-year clinical medical students.

第二部分：临床医学五年制外科实习质量评价数学模型的构建运用层次分析法，通过专家咨询，确定各评价要素权重；在确定权重的基础上，用模糊数学综合评判法建立数学模型，并对其进行验证，证明由这三部分为主要内容所构成的综合评价方法是科学、有效、可行的，可应用于临床医学五年制外科实习质量的评价。

I think, via research, during the period of middle school, the application form of mathematical history in concept teaching should be "the form of being in harmony"; and we should choose the suitable mathematical history content according to the teaching content and the students' perceive; we should obtain concept through paying more attention to the latitudinous teaching and recreating principles; presenting the outcoming process of mathematical history through sight principles; improving the degree of the students' attaching themselves to the process .

中学阶段，数学史在概念教学中的应用遵循的原则主要有：应用形式为&融入式&为主；根据教学内容和学生的认知选择合适的数学史内容；在应用时应注重认知纬度的教学；遵循再创造的原则获得概念；遵循直观性原则呈现数学概念的演变过程；采用灵活多样的教学方式，提高学生的参与程度。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。