数值计算

The unique advantage of this halfanalytical numerical method is that the analytical process of Conformal Mapping can transform an irregular area into a regular one such as a rectangle. Therefore, the discretization error of numerical methods on the boundary can be avoided, and the numerical algorithm can be implemented more easily, with the computing efficiency improved.

这种保角变换的半解析数值方法的突出优点是：利用前期的保角变换解析处理将不规则的场域转化为规则的矩形域，从而避免了纯数值技术对复杂边界的离散化误差，降低了后期数值计算的算法复杂度，并提高了计算效率。

The experimental setup for the turbulent jets in crossflow is designed, and the hot wire anemometry IFA 300 is used to measure the velocity field and the turbulent kinetic energy, and the computational result matches experimental measurement reasonably well. The experimental result is very important in the analysis of the flow field, deduction of the equation of the jet trajectory, check of the turbulence model and validation of the numerical method.

首先，建立了用于测量横向紊动射流的实验台，并利用IFA 300型热膜风速仪系统测量了多种工况下的流场，并将速度、湍动能结果与数值计算结果进行了比较，实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好，从而为分析流场特性、确定射流轨迹、比较湍流模型以及验证数值计算方法提供了依据。

Numerical simulations were done by ANSYS based on the finite element method,in which the functional is solved by Hamilton principle.

模拟软件采用ANSYS，数值计算基于有限元数值计算方法，并利用哈密顿原理求解泛函，在控制计算精度的基础上，得出了该电子光学系统的内部静电场分布和轴上电位分布，同时对静态条件下的电子轨迹进行了模拟计算。

Note that regularized problems are usually defined in an infinite setting and have to be discTetized for an implementation and there have been many comparatively adult methods of calculating singular system. Therefore, there is no need to avoid the calculation of singular system in inverse problems calculating of numeric value. Here TSVD Regularization Method is very simple and quite effective one.

考虑到反问题的数值计算需要将问题离散化，化为有限维的问题来进行处理，而对于有限维算子的奇异系的计算已经有了相当成熟的各种算法，因此在反问题的数值计算中没有必要避开奇异系的计算，此时TSVD正则化方法是十分简单并相当有效的正则化方法。

Establish the steady-state and transient model using the three hydrodynamics equations (Continuity equation, Momentum equation and Energy equation). By comparing different state equation, it selects the BWRS state equation which is considered the most accurate state equation in current natural gas measurement. It calculates compression factor, density and other Thermal parameters based on BWRS state equation. In Numerical solution of the steady-state and transient model, compression factor, friction coefficient and all the other Thermal parameters are recalculated in each small time step to reduce the numerical calculation error.

在稳态模型的建立上，利用流体力学三大方程(连续性方程、运动方程和能量方程)，通过比较不同的状态方程选用了目前被认为最精确的用于天然气计量的BWRS状态方程，并以此方程为基础进行压缩因子、密度等热物性参数的计算；在稳态模型的求解上，选用容易计算，精度较高的标准型龙格—库塔(Runge-Kutta)法进行数值求解，并且在迭代过程的每一小步都重新计算燃气的压缩因子，摩阻系数等所有的计算参数，以减少数值计算的误差。

A calculation model is established for the corrugation and annular flow field of a stratification injection allocator by using 3D Max and it is put into VR environment of PHOENICS and based on the actual geometric size of the allocator,κ-ε turbulent calculating model is used for numerical calculation of water medium flow field by using orthogonal and detail grid under coordinate system.

用3D Max建立了分层配注器波纹环空流场的计算模型，调入PHOENICS的VR编辑环境中，根据实际配注器的几何尺寸，在柱坐标系下，采用局部加密正交网格，应用k-ε湍流计算模型对水介质流场进行了数值计算，给出流场的速度分布与压力分布曲线，并对比分析了3种形状的波纹环空流场的数值计算结果。

To all project practicality, the introduction is given to the operational characteristics, the methods for calculation and the researching actuality of the tail tunnels with sloping ceiling underground hydropower stations the Three Gorges. This paper has discussed in detail the characteristic method being the same with the compressive flow and the Priessmann solution being the same with the free-surface-pressure flow. And how to deal with boundary conditions has been expatiated. Also hydraulic transient process of tremendous load fluctuation in the tail tunnels with sloping ceiling has been numerical simulated and the Fortran program for numerical simulation has been given. The paper gain the maximal press for tail end of the shell, the maximal rising rate of rotational speed of generating set, the maximal vacuum degree for inlet of the tail tunnels and so on under 11 kinds conditions of tremendous load fluctuation. These conditions include the design conditions, the check conditions and the superposition conditions. Finally, the computing results have been analyzed and summarized. The end chapter is the general comment of the whole-length content and the describing of the intending view of researching.

本文以三峡右岸地下电站尾水洞设计为背景，从工程实际出发，阐述了变顶高尾水洞的工作特性、使用范围及其研究现状；详细论述了适用有压流的特征线法、适用明满交替流的普里斯曼解法等数学模型；边界条件的给定和明满交替流的计算方法；用Fonran语言编制了数值计算程序，对三峡右岸地下电站变顶高尾水洞的大波动工况进行了数值模拟，分别得出了在设计工况、校核工况和叠加工况下蜗壳末端最大压力上升值、机组最大转速上升值和尾水管进口最大真空度等重要参数；对数值计算结果进行了详细分析并得出了有价值的结论；最后展望了今后水电站变顶高尾水洞的研究方向。

The primary studying works and characteristics:1 To summarize reinforcing theory of cement mixing pile composite foundation2 To analyze the primary mechanics characters and changing rules of cement mixing pile, based on analysis of test data both indoor and outdoor.3 To discuss siding frictional resistance, ending resistance, ultimate bearing capacity of simple mixing pile and effectiveness factor of grouped piles, loading ratio of soil between piles under cushion cap of grouped piles and stress ratio of pile and soil and so on, and use many computation method and experimentation method to ensure bearing capacity of mixing piles composite foundation.4 To point out and analyze eight sides flaws and problems of the bearing capacity calculation method of mixing pile compositefoundation which ensured by national and normative method/ formula.5 To apply test results of loading tests and a few settlement observation data, use gray theory to predicate ultimate bearing capacity of deep mixing piles, actual example demonstrate engaging between theoretical predicted value and actual value.6 To apply groovy layerwise summation method to discuss entity piles method, double foundation method, equivalent layerwise summation method and consolidation theoretical method and so on, especially by combination of engineering example, use FEM to calculate or discuss the settlement and changing rules of composite foundation.7 To discuss problems of critical length of composite foundation by combination of engineering example and numerical analysis method, and analyze the contrast of critical length between simple pile load and most area load of composite foundation, not only critical length of composite foundation is relative to modulus ratio between piles and soil, but also upside load distribution area of composite foundation.

主要的研究工作与特色为：(1)总结了水泥搅拌桩复合地基的加固原理；(2)在对室内外试验资料进行统计分析的基础上，系统分析了搅拌桩水泥土的主要力学特性及其变化规律；(3)探讨了搅拌单桩的侧摩阻力、端阻力、极限承载力及群桩效率系数、群桩承台下桩间土荷载分担比及桩土应力比等，提出用多种计算方法并结合试验方法来综合确定搅拌桩复合地基的承载力；(4)明确指出和分析了按国家有关规范的方法确定搅拌桩复合地基承载力所存在的八个方面的缺陷与问题；(5)利用过去没有加载至破坏阶段的载荷试验成果和较少的沉降观测数据，尝试了用灰色理论预测深层搅拌桩的极限承载力，实例表明理论预测值与实测值吻合较好；(6)在常规分层总和法的基础上，探讨了复合地基沉降计算的实体墩基法、双层地基法、等效作用分层总和法、固结理论法等，特别是结合工程实例，用有限元数值计算等方法计算和讨论了搅拌桩复合地基的沉降及其变化规律；(7)结合工程实例，用数值分析方法探讨了复合地基临界桩长的问题，指出和分析了单桩荷载下的临界桩长与复合地基大面积荷载下的临界桩长存在很大的差别，复合地基的临界桩长不仅与桩土模量比有关，而且与复合地基上部荷载分布面积有关。

The one-dimensional complete hydrodynamic model for border irrigation based on the hybrid numerical method can obviously increase computational stability and convergence, and effectively improve computational precision and efficiency, and provide a good numerical simulation tool for the design of border irrigation system and performance evaluation.

基于混合数值解法的一维畦灌全水动力学数值模拟方法可明显增强数值计算的稳定性和收敛性，有效提高了计算精度和效率，为开展畦灌系统设计与性能评价提供了可靠的数值模拟手段。

The inner force of the line element for underground structure have been calculated using the traditional finite element mesh and high-order manifold method to guarantee the numerical precision of the line element and overcome the disadvantages due to the geometry error between the actual position and computational position of the beam and truss element in common use.

用传统的有限元网格和流形方法的高阶覆盖位移函数来进行地下结构的杆、梁单元计算，保证了线单元模拟的数值精度，同时又克服了常用的杆、梁线单元计算位置与实际位置不相符合从而带来计算误差和结构设计不便等缺点，提供了一种解决结构数值计算的较好的途径。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。