数值分析

Group of finite element analysis was divided into 2 kinds(compact bone and cancellated bone ), 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 kinds of material attributes groups based on the gray value. All models were assigned with material attributes and tested in ansys for mechanics datas of nodes on surface of femoral neck. In group of biomechanical testing, twelve specimens of femoral superior segment were treated with compressed testing to harvest mechanics datas of measuring point same as that of group of finite element analysis. Results One-Way ANOVA showed as follows.

有限元分析组在Mimics中根据灰度值将三维模型材料属性分为2种、10、50、100、200、400种后赋予材料属性，在Ansys中进行力学分析并采集股骨颈表面节点力学数值；体外力学试验组将12侧股骨上段标本进行压缩试验，采集与有限元分析组相同测试点力学数据。

Mathematical model was set up,on the basis of dynamics formulation,normal expanse of the target interface ,and supposed concrete medium was constringent material.

根据弹体动力学基本方程和假定混凝土为可压缩材料，基于弹靶接触表面处靶体材料的法向膨胀性，对跳弹现象进行理论分析，在合理假设的前提下，建立了跳弹现象的数学模型； 2）针对该模型编制计算机程序，在给定初始入射速度、入射角后可以判断出能否产生跳弹现象，输出产生跳弹现象时所对应的初始侵彻条件，并通过穷举法得出跳弹临界相图，对于斜侵入情况，能计算出弹体在不同侵彻阶段下的运行时间并能绘制出侵彻轨迹，结合现有的试验数据，进行对比分析，二者符合良好，证实了理论分析模型的合理性； 3）开展了跳弹现象的数值模拟研究。

The operating case of current liquid dampers, in which have been used in engineering, has been investigated by analyzing the distribution of oil kinetics parameters such as pressures and flow velocities based on finite element method for design of constructer of the new MR fluid damper and its characteristic simulation.

通过分析目前工程中的轿车液力阻尼器工作原理，采用有限元法对阻尼器内部流体的工作状态进行了分析；探讨了油液在工作过程中的压力、流速及其流场分布的动力学特征，为流体阻尼器结构设计及其阻尼特性的数值模拟分析提供了理论依据。

In this paper, taking one 1900t/h supercritical pressure once—through boiler installed in East boiler company as subject investigated, analyzing the structure and characteristic of unit, from the mechanism of units, based on the law of quality conservation, energy conservation and momentum conservation, having Lagrange fluid particle tracing idea in hydrodynamics field application in analyzing of unit operational characteristic, author build up the nonlinear distributed parameter general dynamic mathematical model of single-phase heating surface or diphase heating surface in the steam-water system for supercritical pressure once—through boiler, which is suitable numerical calculation and simulation for large scale disturbance and full working conditions change, and enough materializing distributed characteristic of thermodynamic parameter in process and time lag characteristic of energy transportation in tache. The transient responses curve of the system main variables under several disturbance are computed by Computer Simulation for the model, and theoretical analysis shows that the simulation results are reasonable.

本文以东方锅炉集团公司的一台1900 t /h超临界压力直流锅炉为研究对象，在分析机组结构和特性的基础上，从机组的工作机理出发，以质量、能量、动量守恒定律为依据，将流体力学领域中的Lagrange流体质点追踪思想用于机组运行特性的分析上，建立了适用于超临界压力直流锅炉汽水系统单相、双相受热面的非线性分布参数通用动态数学模型，该模型适合于大扰动全工况变化的数值仿真计算，充分体现了过程热力参数的分布特性和环节中能量输送过程的时滞特性，并对模型通过计算机仿真得出各种扰动下系统主要变量的响应曲线，从理论上分析了仿真结果的合理性。

This thesis investigates the profile extraction and shape optimization on the result of topology optimization of planar compliant mechanisms. The main context includes the following work:(1) summarizing and analyzing the recent research status, some harvest and unsolved problems;(2) analyzing the conceptual design of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms and its mathematical model and tools;(3) Modifying the method of density contour as the method of profile extraction, and developing a method to optimize the density function in the profile extraction according to the requirement of the design of compliant mechanism;(4) developing a method to abstract the compliant mechanism into a form of links and joints by using the principle of connectivity on topology;(5) developing a method of shape optimization of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms, by representing the profile of the abstracted compliant mechanism as simple curves such as straight lines and arcs, establishing the models of the size optimization of the parameters of these curves, so that the compliant mechanism has a machinable shape;(6) At last, proving the feasibleness and effectiveness of the design method by making simulation design and validating it in FEA software.

主要工作包括：(1)分析了柔顺机构拓扑优化和形状优化的研究现状，分析了目前柔顺机构的研究重点、主要成果和尚未解决的问题；(2)分析了基于SIMP的柔顺机构概念设计方法及其相关工具和模型；(3)针对柔顺机构轮廓提取的特殊要求，提出了密度等值线法的改进方案，对密度函数插值点密度值进行优化，提出优化模型和选择优化算法；(4)根据轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构自身的形状特点，提出了轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构的抽象方法，即应用拓扑学上的连通性原理将柔顺机构抽象成杆件和结点形式，并对相应的数学原理进行了证明；(5)提出了平面全柔顺机构的形状还原和尺寸优化方法，对抽象的柔顺机构进行还原，将其轮廓还原成简单曲线的连接，从而建立尺寸优化模型，对机构进行尺寸优化设计，在得到可加工的机构轮廓的同时又能对关键部位进行特别处理；(6)进行了柔顺机构的数值仿真设计，并将所得设计结果导入商用有限元软件中进行仿真实验，证明了设计方法的可行性和有效性。

Central parts of mechanism of elevating and equilibrating were also processed static, dynamic, flectional analyses with finite element method by using Pro/MECHANICA. In the end, its dynamical model was built and simulated in ADAMS, dynamical responding of its hydraulic elevating part was analyzed, gun muzzles elevation disturbance in different fire angle and so on were obtained, work performance of mechanism of elevating and equilibrating was more studied.

使用Pro／MECHANICA对高平机的主要零件进行了有限元的静态、动态、屈曲等分析；最后在ADAMS中建立高平机动力学模型并进行仿真分析，分析其液压高低机部分在火炮发射时的动力学响应，获得了不同射角下由高平机引起的炮口高低扰动等数值，进一步验证了高平机的工作性能。

Central parts of mechanism of elevating and equilibrating were also processed static, dynamic, flectional analyses with finite element method by using Pro/MECHANICA. In the end, its dynamical model was built and simulated in ADAMS, dynamical responding of its hydraulic elevating part was analyzed, gun muzzle's elevation disturbance in different fire angle and so on were obtained, work performance of mechanism of elevating and equilibrating was more studied.

使用Pro/MECHANICA对高平机的主要零件进行了有限元的静态、动态、屈曲等分析；最后在ADAMS中建立高平机动力学模型并进行仿真分析，分析其液压高低机部分在火炮发射时的动力学响应，获得了不同射角下由高平机引起的炮口高低扰动等数值，进一步验证了高平机的工作性能。

In this thesis, firstly, some main models have been checked on their accuracy, and the reliability of MACORS code has been verified by the RELAP5/MOD2 code on five transient conditions for QSNP: loss of flow; loss of offsite power; incontrollable control rod withdrawal; the feed-water temperature increasing and the feed-water lost. The results obtained are very satisfactory. Secondly, MACORS is used to calculate the operating and accident transients for QSNP, and the analysis results are significant to real engineering. And finally for MNRS, MACORS is used to simulate the steady-state natural circulation heat-removed capacity and the transient behaviors from forced circulation to natural circulation. Some important conclusions are obtained by the analysis results.

本论文首先从各方面对核动力系统中最主要的、热工水力特性最复杂的反应堆和蒸汽发生器进行单独验证和理论分析，其次分别利用RELAP5/MOD2程序和MACORS程序对秦山核电站的双环路失流、全厂断电、反应性事故引入、主给水参数变化及丧失主给水五种瞬态工况进行了计算，结果符合很好，从而证明了本程序模型的准确合理性，选择数值方法的有效性和编制程序的正确性；尔后，利用MACORS程序对秦山核电站的多种运行及事故瞬态进行了分析，得出了具有工程价值的结论；对船用核动力装置的稳态自然循环载热能力以及相应参数的特性、强迫循环与自然循环的过渡工况等进行了仿真分析，所得结论对我国核动力船舶的设计，运行以及安全审评具有重要的意义。

In this paper, the generator model of constant transient voltage and the invariableness impedance model was used, and the saliency of generator is included; through the analysis of the characteristic of the network equation calculation in the transient stability analysis, a new node ordering algorithm is proposed. Better initial value can accelerate the convergence rate of the networking equations, reduce the number of iterations, thus to cut down the amount of calculating time.

本文首先建立了适合于暂态稳定分析的简单模型，其中发电机采用E_q恒定模型，考虑了发电机的暂态凸极效应，负荷采用恒定阻抗模型；研究了电力系统的暂态稳定分析方法，指出目前数值积分暂态稳定计算方法中存在的不足，主要是网络方程的求解速度过慢；分析了暂态稳定计算中网络方程的特点，将稀疏技术应用于网络方程的求解，提出了一种新的节点编号方法——最小度最小有源节点道路集算法，减少了网络方程的计算量；在进行交替迭代求解时，将预测算法应用于每一积分步网络方程功角和电压的初值估计当中，应用自回归算法和广义延拓算法，期望给出一个更有效的电压和功角初值方案，来加快方程的收敛过程，减少方程迭代的次数，以提高计算速度。

And the parameters inversed by using the GA are in agreement with those of real media.

此外，本文最后为了与频率波数分析的结果进行对比，研究了时频分析方法-魏格纳维尔分布，用数值模拟和实验结果分析了层状介质中瑞利波的频散曲线。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。