数值

Experiments that use single-pulse laser to ablate small steel ball in atmosphere were conducted.

采用单脉冲激光进行了大气环境下激光烧蚀小钢珠实验，得到其推进效应参数，发现并分析了钢珠在不同放置位置时不同的物理现象；为了得到一系列定量实验数据，采用自行研制的激光冲量靶仪进行了单脉冲激光烧蚀推进效应实验测试，得到了不同环境条件、不同靶材料的激光推进效应参数，并与国外的实验数据以及数值计算结果进行了比较。

At last, the results of the theory, the numerical simulation and the experiments are summarized. It is concluded that the thickness of the ablator should try to reach the critical thickness.

最后，我们总结了理论、数值模拟和实验三方面的结果，提出了在不出现严重二维效应和卸载波效应的前提下，烧蚀层厚度应当达到临界厚度的设计原则。

Finally, we test the velocities of three flyers with ablator of different thickness, the result indicates that we can measure the velocities of flyer which can further calculate the released particle velocities, and validate the verdict of theory and simulation.

最后，实验实测了三种烧蚀层厚度不同的飞片的飞行速度，结果表明飞片法可以测得飞片速度，进而求解粒子速度，而且证实了理论和数值模拟的结论。

Lasers characteristic as a shock wave drive and the advantages of KrF laser are explained. Finally, the progress at home and abroad is enumerated.In chapter two, the basic principle of the EOS study is introduced. Specially, the impedance mismatch effect of the double-layer flyer is mentioned here. It is the primary theoretical basis of this paper.In chapter three, a one-dimension, three-temperature hydrodynamic code HYADES is introduced briefly. it is used to make a qualitative analysis about how the thickness of ablator affect the flyer velocities and stability.In chapter four, the experimental setup is described.

第一章为绪论部分，简要总结了状态方程研究的历史，激光作为冲击波驱动源的特点和KrF激光的优势，以及国内外的进展情况；第二章是本工作的理论基础，讨论了冲击波物理和雨贡纽曲线测量的基本原理和方法，重点介绍了激光飞片法的特点、关键要素和双层飞片的阻抗失配效应，鉴于KrF激光短波长和长脉宽的特点，我们拟对双层飞片的特性展丌研究工作，为实测状态方程做好准备；第三章简单介绍了一维三温流体力学数值模拟程序Hyades并运用它进行了若干状态方程实验的计算和设计，进行了烧蚀层厚度对飞片速度、稳定性的影响的定性分析；第四章是实验平台描述部分，介绍了光束平滑化技术，靶的制作，条纹相机的原理和使用，系统同步控制以及光学记录速度干涉仪系统的简单原理和构成。

Laser's characteristic as a shock wave drive and the advantages of KrF laser are explained. Finally, the progress at home and abroad is enumerated.In chapter two, the basic principle of the EOS study is introduced. Specially, the impedance mismatch effect of the double-layer flyer is mentioned here. It is the primary theoretical basis of this paper.In chapter three, a one-dimension, three-temperature hydrodynamic code HYADES is introduced briefly. it is used to make a qualitative analysis about how the thickness of ablator affect the flyer velocities and stability.In chapter four, the experimental setup is described.

第一章为绪论部分，简要总结了状态方程研究的历史，激光作为冲击波驱动源的特点和KrF激光的优势，以及国内外的进展情况；第二章是本工作的理论基础，讨论了冲击波物理和雨贡纽曲线测量的基本原理和方法，重点介绍了激光飞片法的特点、关键要素和双层飞片的阻抗失配效应，鉴于KrF激光短波长和长脉宽的特点，我们拟对双层飞片的特性展丌研究工作，为实测状态方程做好准备；第三章简单介绍了一维三温流体力学数值模拟程序Hyades并运用它进行了若干状态方程实验的计算和设计，进行了烧蚀层厚度对飞片速度、稳定性的影响的定性分析；第四章是实验平台描述部分，介绍了光束平滑化技术，靶的制作，条纹相机的原理和使用，系统同步控制以及光学记录速度干涉仪系统的简单原理和构成。

In this paper, taking the Huangpu River ITT construction as the background and based on model experiment, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, the above-water operations of large-scale tunnel element are studied.

本文以黄浦江越江沉管隧道为背景，在模型试验、理论分析以及数值仿真的基础上，对上述环节中涉及的诸多内容进行了研究。

Considering the nonlinear and Elastic-Plastic and anisotropy trait of soil, the method of numerical analysis can reflect the relation between abreaction of pore press and framework distortion of soil and can simulate the fact of field and complex boundary condition and so on. So the method of numerical analysis has been abroad used in the area of theory research.

数值分析方法可以考虑到土体的非线性、弹塑性和各向异性等特点，能准确地反映出孔压消散与土骨架变形之间的关系，而且可以较好地模拟现场实际情况以及复杂的边界条件等，因此在理论研究领域得到了比较广泛的应用。

It is found that traveling waves with either lower frequency or higher frequency can both eliminate the anti-spiral waves, while only the target waves with lower absolute value of frequency can eliminate the anti-spiral waves.

数值计算表明，对于行波，无论是低频行波还是高频行波，都可以成功地消除系统中的反螺旋波；而对于靶波，只有低频靶波才可以消除反螺旋波。

If the value is less than or equal to all other function values, it is an absolute minimum.

如果这个值小于或等于所有其它的函数值，那它就是绝对极小值。

The absolute value of the number x.

数值x的绝对值。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。