教会法

Chapter VI is 'The analysis of Motion of Modern Natural Law', I think it is related to scientificrevolution, crisis of ecclesiastic, rise of kingship and the appearance of civil society ,whichprovide it with new means , standpoint and sample.

这部分主要认为，近代自然法的产生同科学革命、教会危机、王权兴起和市民社会的出现等因素相关，它们或者为近代自然法带来了立场和方法的变革，或者提供了历史和现实的"样板"或"样本"，或者丰富了近代自然法的内容，等等。

First, he did not see the path to being able to make him lord of any state that was , not a state of the Church; and when he decided to take that of the Church, he knew that the duke of Milan and the Venetians would not consent to it because Faenza and Rimini had for long been under the protection of the Venetians.

首先， 他看不出有什么办法可以叫儿子统辖不属于教会的国家。他决定把教会属下的国家划分走时，又担心米兰的公爵和威尼斯人不同意，因为法恩扎和里米尼长期以来一直处于威尼斯人的保护之下。

As to Roman authority, the catalogue of Innocent I appears in the collection of ecclesiastical canons sent by Pope Adrian I to Charlemagne, and adopted in 802 as the law of the Church in the Frankish Empire; Nicholas I, writing in 865 to the bishops of France, appeals to the same decree of Innocent as the ground on which all the sacred books are to be received.

至於罗马管理局，中央定价目录的无辜i似乎在收集教会大炮发出教皇阿德里安一至查理曼，并通过了802作为国家法律，教会在法兰克帝国；尼古拉斯，我在写作865的主教们法国呼吁同一法令无辜的，因为地面上的一切神圣的书籍是将收到的。

The character of the Episcopal church was influenced during its early years by the struggle between the Low church party, led by William White, the first bishop of Pennsylvania, and a High church party, led by Samuel Seabury, bishop of Connecticut.

性格主教教会的影响，在其最初几年所争低教会党领导的威廉白，第一主教宾夕法尼亚州，以及一支高素质的教堂党的领导下塞缪尔seabury主教，康涅狄格。

The secular legal system, arising in the wake of the development of the canon law, consists of the feudal law, the manorial law, the mercantile law, the urban law, and the royal law.

教会是一个法治国，教会的社团性质意味着教权的法律性和受限制性，教职的选任和教会官僚体系的专门性和复杂性也构成对教会权力的制约，舆论也在一定意义上限制了教会权力。

Messines . The rest, however, as for instance the Flemish edition of Ribadeneira's "Flowers of the Saints"(1619, two folio volumes), the "General History of the Church"(1623), to which he added as an appendix the detailed history of the Church in the Netherlands, both in Flemish; the Flemish lives of St. Ignatius and St. Philip Neri; the Flemish translation of the first part of the "Treatise on Perfection", drew his attention completely from what he should have regarded as his principal task.

其余的，不过，由于例如，佛兰芒版ribadeneira的&花卉的圣徒&（ 1619年，两个页码册），&一般教会的历史&（ 1623 ），因为他补充说，作为附录的详细历史教会在荷兰，无论是在法兰德斯；弗拉芒语区的生命，圣依纳爵和圣菲里；弗拉芒翻译的第一部分的&伤寒论生死&，提醒他注意，完全从什么，他应该被视为他的主要任务。

Messines . The rest, however, as for instance the Flemish edition of Ribadeneira's "Flowers of the Saints"(1619, two folio volumes), the "General History of the Church"(1623), to which he added as an appendix the detailed history of the Church in the Netherlands, both in Flemish; the Flemish lives of St. Ignatius and St. Philip Neri; the Flemish translation of the first part of the "Treatise on Perfection", drew his attention completely from what he should have regarded as his principal task.

其余的，不过，由於例如，佛兰芒版ribadeneira的&花卉的圣徒&（ 1619年，两个页码册），&一般教会的历史&（ 1623 ），因为他补充说，作为附录的详细历史教会在荷兰，无论是在法兰德斯；弗拉芒语区的生命，圣依纳爵和圣菲里；弗拉芒翻译的第一部分的&伤寒论生死&，提醒他注意，完全从什麼，他应该被视为他的主要任务。

An unjustified dispensation, even if granted by the pope, is null and void, in a case affecting the Divine law; and if granted by other bishops or superiors in cases affecting ordinary ecclesiastical law.

一项不合理的豁免，即使是理所当然的是由教宗，是无效的，在一宗案件中，影响神圣法则；如果由其他主教或上级的情况下，影响普通的教会法。

The sources or authors of this positive ecclesiastical law are essentially the episcopate and its head, the pope, the successors of the Apostolic College and its divinely appointed head, Saint Peter.

消息来源或作者的这种积极的教会法，有本质主教团及其元首，教皇，接班人的使徒学院和其神圣的任命，圣彼得大教堂。

At an early period we meet with expressions referring to the body of ecclesiastical legislation then in process of formation: canones, ordo canonicus, sanctio canonica; but the expression "canon law" becomes current only about the beginning of the twelfth century, being used in contrast with the "civil law", and later we have the "Corpus juris canonici", as we have the "Corpus juris Civilis".

在较早的时期，我们见面的表达是指身体的宗教立法，然后在形成过程： canones ，集体诉讼典型，在sanctio卡诺尼卡，但表达的&教会法&（强制canonicum ）成为目前大约只有一开始的12世纪，用这种反差，与&民法&，后来，我们已经有了&法典canonici &，因为我们已经有了&法典民法&。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。