教会法

We shall return to this later, when treating of the sources of canon law.

我们将回到此之后，当治疗的来源，教会法。

The first object of the science of canon law is to fix the laws that are in force.

该教会法科学的第一个对象是固定的法律已经生效。

They are, properly speaking, the active sources of canon law.

他们是，妥善地说，活跃的来源教会法。

From this we may learn the position of canon law in the hierarchy of sciences.

由此我们可以了解教会法的科学层次的地位。

By Gratian, who is called the father of the science of canon law.

gratian ，他们被称为父亲的，科学的教会法。

Shortly after the revival of Roman law studies at the University of Bologna, Gratian collected all the canon law from the earliest popes and councils up to the Second Lateran Council (1139) in his Decretum, or Concordance of Discordant Canons.

不久后复活的罗马法研究，在博洛尼亚大学， gratian收集所有教会法，从最早的教皇和议会落实第二次lateran会（ 1139 ）在他的decretum ，或语词的不和谐的大炮。

Leo the Great (440-61), who first appropriated the old pagan title of pontifex maximus, intervened with his Tome at the Council of Chalcedon to establish orthodox Christology, told a recalcitrant archbishop that he merely "participated in" a "fullness of power" reserved to popes alone (this later to become an important principle in canon law), and provided in his letters and sermons a highly influential description of the Petrine office and its primacy, drawing in part upon principles found in Roman law.

利奥伟大（ 440-61 ），谁第一拨旧异教的标题pontifex Maximus ，为干预他圣多美和普林西比在安理会的迦克墩设立东正教christology说，桀骜不驯的大主教说，他只是"参加了"，"丰满的权力"预留的教皇单（这后来成为一个重要的原则，在教会法），并提供了在他的信件和说教一个高度影响力的描述的petrine办公室和其至高无上，绘画，在部分原则后，发现在罗马法。

Leo the Great (440-61), who first appropriated the old pagan title of pontifex maximus, intervened with his Tome at the Council of Chalcedon to establish orthodox Christology, told a recalcitrant archbishop that he merely "participated in" a "fullness of power" reserved to popes alone (this later to become an important principle in canon law), and provided in his letters and sermons a highly influential description of the Petrine office and its primacy, drawing in part upon principles found in Roman law.

利奥伟大（ 440-61 ），谁第一拨旧异教的标题pontifex Maximus ，为干预他圣多美和普林西比在安理会的迦克墩设立东正教christology说，桀骜不驯的大主教说，他只是&参加了&，&丰满的权力&预留的教皇单（这后来成为一个重要的原则，在教会法），并提供了在他的信件和说教一个高度影响力的描述的petrine办公室和其至高无上，绘画，在部分原则后，发现在罗马法。

The civil law of different nations, and especially the Roman law, may be numbered among the accessory sources of canon law.

民事法律中的不同国家，尤其是罗马法，可编号之间的配件来源的教会法。

Res inter alios acta alteri nocere no debet 英译:A transaction between two parties shouldn't operate to the disadvantage of a third party not in their debt.

注：这一法谚最初源自中世纪教会法，其意旨在法国民法典中得到了最完整的体现：契约自由神圣不可侵犯。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。