教会法

The written claims presented by a plaintiff in an action at admiralty law or to an ecclesiastical court.

原告诉状：在海事法或教会法中，由案件原告提出的书面声明 v.tr。

The School of Bologna had just revived the study of Roman law; Gratian sought to inaugurate a similar study of canon law.

学校的博洛尼亚刚刚恢复的研究罗马法； gratian设法启动了一项类似的研究教会法。

Because all sorts of elements such as church law and lay law are right at that time the interest of commercial development and businessman is adverse, then mercantile estate is initiative first after that the trade activity standard that self-conscious activate develops interior --, mercantile law, it is law through struggle and rising.

由于当时教会法和世俗法等各种因素对商业的发展和商人的利益不利，于是商人阶层先是自发地而后自觉地创设并发展内部的贸易活动准则———商人法，经过斗争而上升为法律。

One recent case involves a priest found to be working in India, four years after criminal charges for sexual assault, which he denies, were laid against him in America. Father Palanivel Jeyapaul had been tried under canon law in India, but not defrocked, even though, according to a statement from the Vatican's lawyer on April 5th, it had recommended he be dismissed from the clergy.

近期的一起案件牵涉到一名在印度传教的牧师，经过四年的性侵害刑事指控后——他表示否认——最终还是在美国被判有罪，教会试图在印度教会法的框架下对Palanivel Jeyapaul神父进行审理，但没有免去他的神父一职，即便如此，根据一份来自梵蒂冈律师在4月5日的声明，教廷已经提议免去他的牧师一职。

The concept of the legal person's personality in the Middle Ages finds its main expression in the theories of the legal person advanced by the School of Glossators and the School of Commentators and embodied in the viewpoints of the legal person in the church law.

中世纪的法人人格观念主要体现于注释法学派与评注法学派的法人理论以及教会法中的法人观点之中。

From the earliest ages the letters of the Roman pontiffs constitute, with the canons of the councils, the principal element of canon law, not only of the Roman Church and its immediate dependencies.

从最早的年龄字母的罗马教宗的构成，与大炮的议会，其主要成分的教会法，而不是只对罗马教会和它的直接附庸。

It is true that the disciplinary and legislative power of the popes has not always, in the course of centuries, been exercised in the same manner and to the same extent, but in proportion as the administration became centralized, their direct intervention in legislation became more and more marked; and so the sovereign pontiff is the most fruitful source of canon law; he can abrogate the laws made by his predecessors or by Ecumenical councils; he can legislate for the whole church or for a part thereof, a country or a given body of individuals; if he is morally bound to take advice and to follow the dictates of prudence, he is not legally obliged to obtain the consent of any other person or persons, or to observe any particular form; his power is limited only by Divine law, natural and positive, dogmatic and moral.

这是事实纪律和立法权力的教皇并非始终，在这个过程中的几个世纪以来一直在行使同样的方式和同样的程度，但在比例，因为政府当局便更加集中，他们之间的直接干预，在立法中也变得更为并更加明显；等主权教宗是最富有成果的来源，教会法，他可以废除法律作出他的前任或合一议会；他可以立法，为整个教会或稍后的一个部分时，一个国家或某一身体的个人，如果他是在道义上有义务采取谘询，并遵循许可为慎重起见，他并没有在法律上有义务获得同意任何其他人或多人，或观察到任何特定形式，他的权力是有限的，只有神法律，自然和积极的，教条式的道德。

The third volume treats chiefly of ecclesiastical law; it discusses at great length the legal position of the Church and its penal code.

第三卷的治疗主要是教会法；讨论了很长时间的法律地位，教会和刑法。

The third volume treats chiefly of ecclesiastical law; it discusses at great length the legal position of the Church and its penal code.

第三卷对待，主要是教会法，它讨论了很长时间的法律地位，教会和其刑法典。

This was an important step towards the centralization and unification of the ecclesiastical law, especially as the Latin Catholic world hardly extended beyond the limits of the empire, Africa and the south of Spain having been lost to the Church through the victories of Islam.

这是一个重要的第一步和集中统一的教会法，特别是作为拉美天主教世界难以跨越的界限帝国，非洲和西班牙南部后，失去了向教会通过胜利的伊斯兰教。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。