教会

Mr. Ying Yuandao ever summarized the discussions on the Christianity Localization Movement in China in the 1920s, and held that the so-called localized Christian churches should have the following characteristics:"First, churches of the Chinese; Second, set up according to the experiences of the Chinese Christians; Third, with rich quality of Chinese culture; Fourth, combine Christianity and Chinese culture into a whole; Fifth, suits the spirits and psychology of the Chinese People; Sixth, enables the religious life and experience of the Chinese Christians to be adapted to Chinese customs"1. In the 1960s, Japanese scholar Sumiko Yamamoto made more detailed summarization for the definition of the Localization Movement of the Churches in China in her article "The Independent Movement of Christianity in China in the 1920s":"First, churches are formed of Chinese; Second, churches are independent in administration and operation; Third, churches have independence in the economic aspect; Fourth, churches are adapted to the Chinese in the aspects of church building, divine music, divine painting and liturgy etc. Fifth, accommodate the sacrificial fete and customs of the Chinese and Christianize them; Sixth, churches must be involved in the practical issues in the State and the society of China; Seventh, churches must get rid the tradition and colors of the European and American churches; Eighth, churches must be able to control themselves, sustain themselves and spread by themselves."

应元道先生曾对20世纪20年代开展的中国基督教本色运动的讨论加以概括，认为所谓本色的基督教会应有以下几个特点："一是中华国民的教会；二是根据中国基督教徒自己的经验而设立的；三是富有中国文化的质素的；四是要把基督教与中国文化合而为一的；五是能适合中华民族的精神和心理的；六是能使中国基督徒的宗教生活和经验合乎中国风土的" [1]。60年代，日本学者山本澄子在其所著的《二十年代中国基督教的自立运动》一文中，对中国教会本色化运动的定义作了更详细的概括："一，以中国人为教会的构成；二，教会的行政与运作等方面的自立；三，教会在经济方面的自立；四，教会在教堂建筑、圣乐、圣画、礼拜仪式等方面的中国化；五，容纳中国人的祭祀与习俗，并与基督教化；六，教会要置身于中国国家与社会的现实问题之内；七，教会要除去欧美教会的传统与色彩；八，教会要能自治、自养、自传。"

Canon law is also called "ecclesiastical law"; however, strictly speaking, there is a slight difference of meaning between the two expressions: canon law denotes in particular the law of the "Corpus Juris", including the regulations borrowed from Roman law; whereas ecclesiastical law refers to all laws made by the ecclesiastical authorities as such, including those made after the compiling of the "Corpus Juris".

教会法也被称为"教会法"（强制ecclesiasticum ），但严格来说，有一种略有不同的意义，两国间的表情：教会法是指在特定法律的"法典"，包括法规借来罗马法，而教会法是指所有的法律是由教会当局的作为，例如，包括那些经过编撰的"法典"。

We can not denial that Barth's pneumatological ecclesiology enriched the Reformed Church's ecclesiology. He regards mission to the world as an essential nature of the church, and witness the main purpose of church ministries. What we can confirm is that Barth was not only a dogmatical or biblical theologian, he was also a church theologian, a missionary theologian, who cared about "the Church and the churches" and was truly a secular theologian.

巴特圣灵论的教会论，丰富了改革宗的思想，将宣教视为是教会的本质之一，而见证也是教会事奉的核心，所以我们可以确认—巴特不只是一位教义学或圣经神学家，他也是教会神学家、宣教神学家、关心教会及世界之入世的神学家。

In Church Dogmatics Volume IV, the doctrine of reconciliation, Barth started to construct and establish his ecclesiology and finished it systematically, completely and beautifully.

卡尔巴特这位二十世纪的神学巨人，是一位毕生对教会、教会议题都相当关注的神学家，综观他一生重要的活动及写作，都离不开「教会」这个主题，因著他行动的影响力以及他对教会具体的关怀与贡献，人称他为「教会博士」或「教会之父」。

Therefore this same holy general synod, representing the universal church and sitting as a tribunal in the aforesaid inquiry, pronounces, decrees and declares by this definitive sentence written here, that the same Peter de Luna, called Benedict XIII as has been said, has been and is a perjurer, a cause of scandal to the universal church, a promoter and breeder of the ancient schism, that long established fission and division in God's holy church, an obstructer of the peace and unity of the said church, a schismatic disturber and a heretic, a deviator from the faith, a persistent violator of the article of the faith One holy catholic church, incorrigible, notorious and manifest in his scandal to God's church, and that he has rendered himself unworthy of every title, rank, honour and dignity, rejected and cut off by God, deprived by the law itself of every right in any way belonging to him in the papacy or pertaining to the Roman pontiff and the Roman church, and cut off from the catholic church like a withered member.

因此，这同样圣地一般主教，普世教会和休憩作为一个法庭在上述的调查，判决，法令，并宣布这个确切的句子写在这里，同彼得德月球，称为本笃十三，正如人们所说的，已是一个perjurer ，引起丑闻，以普世教会，是推动和种鸡的古代裂，即确立已久的裂变，分化，在上帝的圣教会，妨碍了和平与团结的说，教会， schismatic disturber和邪教组织，偏从信念，持续违反者的文章的信仰圣地之一，天主教教会的，不可救药的，恶名昭彰的，并表现在他的丑闻，以上帝的教会，并说，他已令自己辜负每一个名称，职级，荣誉和尊严，拒绝了，并切断被上帝所剥夺，法律本身的每一项权利以任何方式属于他的在教皇或有关罗马教皇与罗马教会，并切断由天主教教会像一个干枯的成员。

This most holy general synod of Constance, legitimately assembled in the holy Spirit, having invoked Christ's name and holding God alone before its eyes, having seen the articles drawn up and presented in this case against the lord pope John XXIII, the proofs brought forward, his spontaneous submission and the whole process of the case, and having deliberated maturely on them, pronounces, decrees and declares by this definitive sentence which it commits to writing: that the departure of the aforesaid lord pope John XXIII from this city of Constance and from this sacred general council, secretly and at a suspicious hour of the night, in disguised and indecent dress, was and is unlawful, notoriously scandalous to God's church and to this council, disturbing and damaging for the church's peace and unity, supportive of this long-standing schism, and at variance with the vow, promise and oath made by the said lord pope John to God, to the church and to this sacred council; that the said lord pope John has been and is a notorious simoniac, a notorious destroyer of the goods and rights not only of the Roman church but also of other churches and of many pious places, and an evil administrator and dispenser of the church's spiritualities and temporalities; that he has notoriously scandalised God's church and the christian people by his detestable and dishonest life and morals, both before his promotion to the papacy and afterwards until the present time, that by the above he has scandalised and is scandalising in a notorious fashion God's church and the christian people; that after due and charitable warnings, frequently reiterated to him, he obstinately persevered in the aforesaid evils and thereby rendered himself notoriously incorrigible; and that on account of the above and other crimes drawn from and contained in the said process against him, he should be deprived of and deposed from, as an unworthy, useless and damnable person, the papacy and all its spiritual and temporal administration.

这个最神圣的总主教的人Constance ，合法地聚集在圣灵的，有引用基督的名字和控股只有上帝面前，其眼睛，看过的文章，制定并提出了在这种情况下，对主教宗若望二十三世，论证，提出了，他的自发意见书，并在整个过程中的案件，并经商议成熟对他们的判决，法令，并宣布这个确切的一句话，它致力于写作：即离境的上述主教宗若望二十三世，从这个城市的人Constance从这片神圣的总理事会，偷偷和一名形迹可疑小时的通宵，变相及不雅着装，过去和现在都是非法的，众所周知的丑闻，以上帝的教会和本局，扰乱和损害了教会的和平与团结，支持这个长-常委会裂，并在差异与发誓，承诺与宣誓，由勋爵说，教皇约翰向上帝，向教堂，并把这一神圣的议会；表示勋爵说，教皇约翰一直是一个恶名昭彰的simoniac ，劣迹斑斑的驱逐舰该货物的权利，不仅对罗马教会，而且对其他教会和许多虔诚的地方，以及一个邪恶的管理员及配药的教会的spiritualities和temporalities ；他出名scandalised上帝的地下教会和基督徒的人，由他的可恨和不诚实的生命和道德的，无论是以前，他晋升为教皇，后来就目前为止的时候，即是由上述他scandalised是scandalising在一个恶名昭彰的时装上帝的地下教会和基督教人民，即在经过适当和慈善警告，经常重申，以他，但他硬是坚持了上述弊病，从而变成自己出名不可救药的，并认为是考虑到上述及其他罪行得出，并包含在说的过程中对他的，他就应该被剥夺和被废黜的，从作为一个不配；无用damnable的人，教宗和所有它的精神和时间管理。

We believe that the church, consisting of all true believers, being Christ's own, and indwelt by the Holy Spirit, is the Body of Christ, the invisible church; that the church is holy, universal, and one in Christ; that the invisible church manifests itself in the visible church, local congregations consisting of all who profess to believe in Christ and are baptized; that as the people of God and a kingdom of priests the church is called to grow unto the stature of the fullness of Christ and to fulfill her mission through the exercise of the gifts of the Holy Spirit, in worship, sacraments, fellowship, discipline, and service.

所有真信徒属於基督，是圣灵的居所，是基督的身体，亦是无形的教会；教会在基督里是圣洁、普世性与合一的。无形的教会藉有形的教会表明出来，地方的教会包括一切心信口认基督而且接受洗礼，作为上帝的子民、祭司的国度。教会必须渐渐长大，满有基督长成的身量，藉著运用圣灵的恩赐在崇拜、圣礼、团契、纪律与服事、见证等事上完成宣教的圣工。

Mr. Ying Yuandao ever summarized the discussions on the Christianity Localization Movement in China in the 1920s, and held that the so-called localized Christian churches should have the following characteristics:"First, churches of the Chinese; Second, set up according to the experiences of the Chinese Christians; Third, with rich quality of Chinese culture; Fourth, combine Christianity and Chinese culture into a whole; Fifth, suits the spirits and psychology of the Chinese People; Sixth, enables the religious life and experience of the Chinese Christians to be adapted to Chinese customs"1. In the 1960s, Japanese scholar Sumiko Yamamoto made more detailed summarization for the definition of the Localization Movement of the Churches in China in her article "The Independent Movement of Christianity in China in the 1920s":"First, churches are formed of Chinese; Second, churches are independent in administration and operation; Third, churches have independence in the economic aspect; Fourth, churches are adapted to the Chinese in the aspects of church building, divine music, divine painting and liturgy etc. Fifth, accommodate the sacrificial fete and customs of the Chinese and Christianize them; Sixth, churches must be involved in the practical issues in the State and the society of China; Seventh, churches must get rid the tradition and colors of the European and American churches; Eighth, churches must be able to control themselves, sustain themselves and spread by themselves."

应元道先生曾对20世纪20年代开展的中国基督教本色运动的讨论加以概括，认为所谓本色的基督教会应有以下几个特点：&一是中华国民的教会；二是根据中国基督教徒自己的经验而设立的；三是富有中国文化的质素的；四是要把基督教与中国文化合而为一的；五是能适合中华民族的精神和心理的；六是能使中国基督徒的宗教生活和经验合乎中国风土的& [1]。60年代，日本学者山本澄子在其所著的《二十年代中国基督教的自立运动》一文中，对中国教会本色化运动的定义作了更详细的概括：&一，以中国人为教会的构成；二，教会的行政与运作等方面的自立；三，教会在经济方面的自立；四，教会在教堂建筑、圣乐、圣画、礼拜仪式等方面的中国化；五，容纳中国人的祭祀与习俗，并与基督教化；六，教会要置身于中国国家与社会的现实问题之内；七，教会要除去欧美教会的传统与色彩；八，教会要能自治、自养、自传。&

Plus I've been to prayer meetings, home meetings, small groups, Sunday School, and I've been to potluck suppers, church picnics, church hayrides, church swimming parties, church cantatas, church revivals, and church business meetings.

加上我参加的祷告会、家庭聚会、小组聚会、主日学，还有我参加过的聚餐、教会野餐、教会出游、教会游泳聚会、教会合唱、教会复兴、教会商业会议等等，更是难以计算。

In order to survive and develop,church female university fully dig their resouces and advantages to form their own educational characteristics and get a firm foothold in higher education.After the liberation of the mainland,Jinling Women's University,together with other christian university,accepts and harmonises the new norms and requirements which the new regime ask the college to follow and try to continue their school.Around 1951,the most Christian universities become pubilc universities after amalgamation and adjustment.The 1920s nationalism tide and other challenges and impacts come from the Chinese' government and society not only did not hurt the christian university's vitality seriously,instead they promoted the christian university's self-adjustment and innovation,simultaneously it impelled the church female university to become an important element of the modern Chinese female higher education and made great unique contribution.

大陆解放后，金陵女大和其他教会大学一道，接受新政权对于大学教育的统一规范和要求，并努力进行调适和顺应，力图继续办学。1951年前后，绝大多数教会大学先后经历合并和调整，改为公立大学。20年代民族主义浪潮和来自中国政府、社会的其他挑战和冲击，不仅没有严重损伤教会大学的元气，反而促进了教会大学的自我调适与革新，使教会女大自身得以进一步维持和发展，同时也由此推动了教会女大作为中国现代女子高等教育的重要一员，做出独特贡献。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。