效益

Many critics of utilitarianism claim that it would condone killing, stealing, robbing, and breaking promises whenever these actions are found to be expedient for the promotion of maximal happiness. It seems that utilitarianism does not take our commonsensical moral rules seriously enough.

中文摘要许多效益主义者的批评者认为只要杀人、偷窃、抢劫或是违背诺言可以促进最大幸福的实现，那麼这些行为都是效益主义者所允许的，这似乎显得效益主义不够尊重日常道德规则。

The result of benefit evaluations indicator system show that the seven location built by ecological engineering will help to distinguish the integration of local ecological network and irrigated ecological systems. The biomass, IBI index and results of ecological efficiency assessment are best of Yongcyuan waterway and in Taitung and Kolin Yongcyuan waterway in Yiland for irrigation canals and drainage canals respectively. Thus, the results can be an reference point of other locations selecting in future, benefit evaluating, design and construction.

效益评估方法评估结果发现七个实施生态工程建设地点皆有助於区域生态网络及基地生态体系完整度之提升，而圳路类以台东涌水圳、大排类以宜兰柯林涌泉圳的生物量、IBI指数、生态效益评估结果最佳，可作为后续其他工程地点选址、规划设计施工、效益评估之参考点。

The paper from a new angel of view about efficiency and benefit, is studying to analyze the pertinence, actual effect and the factors of attraction and impellent, and trying to find a new way for prompting and improving the ideal and political education in college.

本文引入效益概念，对高校思想政治教育效益及提高高校思想政治教育效益的主要路径进行了探究，试图从效益这一新的视角去分析影响高校思想政治教育针对性、实效性和吸引力、感染力的因素，探寻加强和改进高校思想政治教育的方法和途径。

By analyzing the legal status of compensation for ecological benefits of forest and referring to the practices and experiences of other countries concerned in the respect, the paper puts forward some measures for legislatively perfecting the compensation for ecological benefits of forest.

该文在分析森林生态效益补偿的法律地位的基础上，借鉴国外的生态效益补偿的成功经验，提出了完善我国森林生态效益补偿的立法措施。

Besides, the study is also investing the demographic variables or the types of consumption are different from the purchasable motivations or the perceived benefits.

本研究目的为探讨消费者对药膳饮食的购买动机、品尝药膳饮食时的效益认知、购买动机与效益认知间的关系等，并探讨不同的人口统计特性与消费型态对购买动机与效益认知是否有差异。

On the basis of it, eight suggestions are put forward to evaluate the forestry ecological benefits:(1) it is an inevitable trend to carry out the comprehensive evaluation of the multifold forest ecological benefits;(2) upbuilding the theoretical frame of ecological benefits according to the situation of our country;(3) conducting the subarea case research based on the way of creativity accountment;(4) to set up the locating monitoring system of subarea forestry ecology profits to provide the reliable reference for the research;(5) studying the measuring estimate index more comprehensively to make it more self_contained and self_governed;(6) establishing the standards of the forest ecological benefit evaluation so that the evaluation could provide rational evidence for the establishment of the forestry compensation law and so on;(7) upbuilding economic accountment system of forest ecological benefits;(8) establishing economic compensation system of forest ecological benefits.

并且在此基础上提出了对今后森林生态效益评价研究的八点建议：(1)进行森林多种生态效益的综合评价是今后发展的必然趋势；(2)从国情出发建立我国森林生态效益评价理论框架；(3)在创新核算方法的基础上开展分区案例研究；(4)建立区域性森林生态效益定位监测系统，为研究提供真实可靠的数据资料；(5)更全面地研究生态效益计量评价指标，使之既具完备性又具独立性；(6)建立森林生态效益评价标准，使评价结果能为林业补偿等法律政策制定提供科学的依据；(7)建立森林生态效益经济核算制度；(8)建立森林生态效益的经济补偿制度。

The system includes model, index system, appraisable method and appraisable procedure.2. Applying the system of multi-effect appraisement of DWSA, the paper appraised the recent decade multi-effect of DWSA in Shouyang county, Shanxi province. Appraisement result showed that the multi-effect of DWSA in Shouyang presents the climbing trend. The economic and social effects of DWSA show the obvious climbing trend.

论文主要成果包括：(1)初步构建了旱作节水农业综合效益的评估理论与方法论文根据旱作节水农业的特点，界定了旱作节水农业的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益及其综合效益，在此基础上，构建了北方旱区旱作节水农业综合效益评价体系，包括：评价的理论模型，指标体系、评价方法和评价程序。

From intergrating model the general forest ecological economic structure classified by equal interval analysis spatial heterogenicity of the forest ecological benefit economic structure to create money gross of GIS spatial graphic distribution and statistics histogram, described the ecological benefit, and dynamics analyse the forest ecological benefits in last ninty years.

从广义森林生态效益经济结构汇总模型出发、按等间隔的分类标准作出森林生态效益货币总量的GIS空间分布图及其统计直方图，进行森林生态效益经济结构的空间异质性分析，划分黑龙江省森林生态效益的主产区，进行了森林生态效益的跨度近90年的动态分析。

Most research have focused on how to find the confidence interval for CER, NHB, ICER, INHB.

更多的文献专注在如何找成本效益比、总健康效益、增加成本效益比、增加总健康效益的信赖区间。

The results of the case study show that the government subsidy can increase the fuel-cell bus usage of bus operators, and at year 2021, fuel cell buses will have the competitive advantage over oil-fueled vehicles.

研究结果显示，透过政府之补贴可提高公车业者使用燃料电池公车之意愿，至2021年左右，燃料电池公车相对於燃油公车已具有相当程度之竞争力；此外，公车业者未来使用量愈多，空气污染之减量成效愈彰，能源节约效益亦随之愈大；在多次绩效补贴方面，补贴额逐年减少，且越晚采用补贴次数越少，至2021年左右，因燃料电池公车系统之总成本低於燃油公车系统总成本，故自该年起可停止实施绩效补贴；在外部成本改善之效益方面，改善空气污染之绩效补贴初期较不具效益，但透过政府部门相关之补贴机制，其成本效益将逐渐彰显。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。