效用理论

This article is under the principal-agent theory, human capital theory and risk theory, comprehensively analyses the exercise principle in our listed bank. The paper expounds Executive stock option's basic elements. We know that the long-term stimulation mechanism such as ESO has better effect in comparison with the traditional salary mechanism such as basic wage and annual bonus.

本文在委托——代理理论、人力资本理论与风险理论的框架下，以经理股票期权激励制度在我国上市银行的应用研究为主线，系统地探讨了经理股票期权激励制度的作用机理，运用博弈模型和效用函数对上市银行所有者与经营者效用进行分析，认识到同基本工资和年度奖金等传统薪酬机制相比，经理股票期权激励制度的激励效果更好。

The user's utility is a function of his data throughput, thus the bandwidth resource utilization problem is modeled as a utility based constrained maximization problem, called a system problem.

通过设置站点吞吐量的对数效用函数，将带宽资源的有效利用问题建模为系统效用最大化问题；应用最优化理论将此系统问题等效为可分布式求解的用户问题，即各站点只须独立选择最大化其净效用的竞争参数，则系统整体效用也获得最大化。

The great tour purchasing power is the drive power of promoting the region's tourism developmentln the regional space, scale economic and regional separation are one of the basic characteristics of promoting tourism industry, So we must arrange the regional tourism industry with a systematic method and give prominence to the central city. For its outstanding area in the regional space, central city has evident superiority in the regional ecnomic development, and has echelon between central city and its periphery scennic spots, which is the inducement mechanism of tourism industry's arranging, developing and advancing step by step. For the law of diminishing marginal utility and the theory of equilibrium, the max utility equilibrium of tourism consumption be at the point of tangency of undiscrepancy curve and the cost budget curve.

中心城市居民巨大的出游力是拉动其周边旅游地发展重要的内在驱动力；由于地缘关系，区域规模经济与地域分割并存，是旅游产业运动的一个基本特征，为此必须对区域旅游经济进行系统化布局，突出中心城市的产业中心性；因其区位条件独特，中心城市在区域经济发展中居于明显的优势，与周边城乡部位存在经济发展上的梯次性，这种梯次性是区域旅游生产力布局、产业发展梯次传动，最终整体联动的经济诱导机制；根据边际效用递减规律和旅游者最大效用均衡理论，旅游消费效用最大化的均衡在无差异曲线与开支预算线的切点(即旅游目的地选择的最佳位置)上，且随着边际效用递减，目的地选择的最佳位置向远离中心城市方向移动，这就是中心城市与周边旅游地互动关系的经济学解释。

Using the theory of Expected Utility to evaluate the risk of project by the probability distribution of projects NPV.

通过分析影响项目经济效益指标的不确定性因素，确定了模型的随机变量；根据基本净现值模型提出了随机净现值模型；通过项目净现值的概率分布运用期望效用理论对项目的风险进行评价。

In the second chapter, we introduce utility theory, mean-variance model, VAR method, rate of return.

第二章首先介绍了效用理论、由Markowitz提出的均值—方差模型、VAR风险管理方法、收益率分布问题，在Markowitz的均值—方差模型的基础上，重新定义了证券收益的风险，提出了一个新的用于资产配置的模型，这主要是为了实现规避风险进行分散化投资。

The mathematical treatment of Utility Theory.

2效用理论的数学处理。

Innovation achievements of this dissertation are mainly in the content and the method, namely: presents the content of EAP thoroughly and systematically; reviews the cost, utility and empirical studies of EAP; investigates the cost and utility of EAP theoretically, conducts the typical survey of the EAP implementation of a domestic enterprise; establishes multivariate linear regression equation of EAP utility; sets up an allocation model of EAP cost through Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThis dissertation\'s conclusion is that EAP cost is related to the time and frequency of EAP used by employee under the fixed cost, the tendency of using EAP is related to demographic characteristics and other factors, the utility of EAP is related to the personal preference of using EAP at least, the utility of EAP is leastwise related to 7 factors, the relationship with the supervisor is the most important factor in the workplace, personal health is the largest part of EAP cost.

本文的创新成果主要是内容上的创新和方法上的创新：对EAP的内容进行了全面、系统的梳理；对EAP的成本、效用和实证研究进行了综述；对EAP的成本、效用进行了理论上的探讨；对国内企业实施EAP的情况进行了典型调查；建立了EAP效用的多元线性回归方程；用层次分析法建立了EAP的成本分摊模型。本文得出的结论是：在固定成本不变的情况下，EAP的成本与员工使用EAP的时间及次数有关系；EAP的使用倾向与人口统计学特征和其它因素有关；EAP的效用至少与个人对EAP的使用偏好有关；EAP的效用至少与7个因素相关；与上级的关系是工作场所中最重要的因素；个人的身体健康是EAP成本中花费最大的部分。

Starting from the study of utility theory, the author researches the inflecting factors of famers' fertilizer application behaviors.

本研究从效用理论出发，研究农户施肥行为的影响因素。

This paper presents the portfolio selection problem of two-attribute money and creates a model of portfolio selection based on two-attribute money, which can both contain the existing portfolio models and overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies. A series of new concepts is put forward, such as, holding wealth, obtainable wealth, short-term utility function, short-term expectation-variance utility function, state-expectation-variance utility function, short-term expectation-variance utility curve, long-term expectation-variance utility curve, margin utility contribution force, additional contribution force, profit-risk exchange rate and optimal portfolio expansion curve; The state-expectation-variance analytical method is developed from the expectation-variance analytical method; A set of systematic theories concerning two-attribute portfolio selection is thus established.

本文提出了两属性货币的证券组合选择问题；创建了既能包含现有证券组合选择模型又能克服上述两点不足的两属性证券组合选择模型；提出了持有财富、可获财富，短期效用函数，短期期望—方差效用函数、状态—期望—方差效用函数，短期期望—方差效用曲线、长期期望—方差效用曲线，边际效用贡献力，附加贡献力，收益—风险替换率，最优证券组合扩展线等一系列新概念；把期望—方差分析方法发展成状态—期望—方差分析方法；建立了两属性证券组合选择模型的一套系统的理论。

This argument has laid the foundations of local finance theory. The purpose of our study is to analyze the effect of local expenditures and taxations on human housing location choice.

本研究之目的，即在尝试利用经济效用理论建立行为模式，以探讨地方政府财政支出和租税型态对各地区间人们住宅区位选择行为之影响关系，期能作为政府制定相关决策之参考。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷