效率

The characteristics of pentacene/perylene derivatives based organic solar cells are investigated in this thesis Donor and acceptor layers are pentacene and N N'-dioctyl-3 4 9 10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-2~13C) respectively Twelve organic solar cells with pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C heterojunctions were fabricated to study the influence of various alkylic perylene derivatives on the power conversion efficiency Under the sunlight simulator with AM1 5G filter and 100 mW/cm2 the solar cell of pentacene/PTCDI-7C heterojunction with cathode of Ag/Al bilayer has the best performance among the devices with pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C heterojunctions In PL spectrum analyses the pentacene/PTCDI-7C film had lower recombination rate than the other pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C films; therefore more excitons could reach the P/N junction and enhance short-circuit current Furthermore the PTCDI-7C film grown on the surface of penatcene was more matched than other PTCDI films analyzed by the PL peak shifts of 10 nm and 45 nm thick PTCDI-2~13C and images of atomic force microscope More lattice match between the films of pentacene and PTCDI resulted in fewer defects in P/N junction and more carries can reach electrodes Accordingly the power conversion efficiency approach 2% was obtained from the solar cell with the active layer of pentacene/PTCDI-7C

本研究探讨以五环素/骈苯衍生物异质接面太阳能电池之特性，利用pentacene作为电子施体有机材料，PTCDI -2C~13C作为电子受体有机材料，制作出异质接面为pentacene/ PTCDI-2C ~13C等12种有机太阳能电池，比较不同碳数的骈苯衍生物对於有机太阳能电池之光电转换效率之影响。在AM1 5G、100 mW/cm2的模拟太阳光下，以pentacene/PTCDI-7C异质接面太阳能电池具有短路电流9 882 mA/cm2、开路电压0 376 V、填充因数0 523及光电转换效率达1 945%，皆比其他pentacene/PTCDI-2C ~13C异质接面太阳能电池来的大。由薄膜分析可知PTCDI-7C在这12种太阳能电池中具有较低的电子电洞复合发光效率，可以让较多激子到达异质接面进行电荷分离，减少电子电洞对复合发光的机率；此外，由光激发萤光光谱之峰值位移配合原子力显微镜表面结构图，可以得知当PTCDI-7C成长在pentacene上时会顺著pentacene的结构成长薄膜，故较无缺陷产生在P/N接面处；而在其他结构下则无此现象产生，致使在pentacene/PTCDI-7C薄膜中的载子有较大的机会可以移动至电极，使光电流提高，进而使光电转换效率提高。

The apparent quantum yield and carboxylation efficiency of 1 year needle were higher than that of 2 year needle's.

所有家系的1龄针叶、2龄针叶的表观光量子效率、羧化效率均高于普通品种，1龄针叶的表观光量子效率、羧化效率要高于2龄针叶的。

3Photosynthetic efficiency was sensitive to the increase of plant density, which mainly caused by the decrease of content of chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, and carboxylation efficiency which were positive correlation to yield per plant, and the decline of quanta efficiency was subordinate

3叶片光合效率对密度增加的反应较敏感，叶绿素含量、光合速率和羧化效率的降低是主要原因，它们与单株产量呈显著的正相关，叶绿素、光合速率和羧化效率之间也呈显著的正相关，量子效率的降低是次要的

Results show that in high CO2 atmosphere, desulphurization rate of limestone injection can be remarkably increased, simultaneously, denitration rate can also be significantly increased, and in the O2/RFG with limestone injection, desulphurization and denitration rates are 96% and 89% separately. SO2 and NOx emissions are lower than the requirements of Emission Standard of Air Polutants for Thermal Power Plants in China.

研究表明：在高CO2气氛下，喷钙脱硫的效率得以显著提高，同时NOx的脱除效率也有明显提高；在O2/CO2 循环燃烧喷钙的工况下，脱硫效率达96%，脱硝效率达89%，尾部烟气中SO2、NOx排放满足国家火电厂大气污染物排放标准的要求。

The test results show that, the drag bar pull and efficiency coefficient is increasing with the wheel width and diameter. The draw bar pull increased with the rug height, but the efficiency coefficient reduces when the slip radio is bigger than 20%. The draw bar pull and efficiency coefficient will reduce with the rug distribution incereases when the rug distribution is more than 20%.

结果表明，当增大驱动轮宽度和直径时，其挂钩牵引力和效率系数都呈增大趋势；增大驱动轮的轮刺高度，挂钩牵引力增大；当滑转率小于20%时，效率系数随着轮刺高度的增大而增大，而当滑转率大于20%时，效率系数随着轮刺高度的增大而减小；增大驱动轮轮刺密度时，其挂钩牵引力和效率系数随之先增大后减小。

A 3 factorial pot experiment, with 2 phosphorus levels, 3 soil water contents and 4 winter wheat cultivars was designed to compare the P efficiency, P uptake efficiency and P use efficiency of different cultivars at Olsen P 3 2 mg·kg 1 of soil, and as influenced by soil water content.

选用在土壤磷水平为 5～ 7mg P.kg- 1土的条件下筛选出来的不同磷效率的 4个冬小麦品种，采用盆栽试验研究了有效磷为 3.2 m g P.kg- 1土时的磷效率、磷吸收效率、磷利用效率及土壤水分对这些指标的影响。

In order to Shanghai Hongqiao solid waste incineration process, the bag filter dust removal efficiency of 99.5%; to "dry except acid than acid + wet" treatment process, hydrogen chloride removal on the rate of 99% of the sulfur oxidation material could be removed in 95% of hydrogen fluoride could be removed in 90%; for the treatment of heavy metals in the main to take "effective capture" and "low control" measures, and adsorption using activated carbon, activated carbon for mercury, cadmium, removal of heavy metals such as lead up to 90%.

在以上海江桥生活垃圾焚烧过程中，布袋除尘器除尘效率可达99.5%以上；采取"干式除酸＋湿法除酸"处理工艺，对氯化氢的去除效率可达99%、对硫氧化物的去除效率可达95%、对氟化氢的去除效率可达90%；对于重金属的处理主要采取"高效捕集"和"低温控制"措施，并用活性炭进行吸附，活性炭对汞、镉、铅等重金属的去除率可达90%以上。

Found that the constitution of the absorbent could affect the debinding efficiency greatly; for the liquid phase debinding temperature extent, the mechanism of the absorbent is capillary action, 100~200 screen mesh alumina powder had the best debinding efficiency at 130℃; for the gas phase debinding temperature extent, adding some active carbon to the absorbent could control the formation of the hyperoxide barrier lay, accelerate the mass transfer rate, also enhance the debinding efficiency; studied the relationship between the debinding efficiency and the shape of the green part and the solid load; furthermore, did trial study on the solvent debinding.

发现吸附剂的组成对脱脂效率有较大影响；在液相脱脂温度段，吸附剂的作用机制为毛细管作用，100~200目的氧化铝粉末在130℃时具有最高的脱脂效率；在气相脱脂阶段，在吸附剂中引入活性碳可以抑制不利于脱脂的过氧化物阻挡层的形成，加快气相在坯体中的传质速率，进而提高脱脂效率；研究了坯体形状尺寸和装载量等因素与脱脂效率的关系；还对溶剂脱脂进行了试探性研究。

Results After the beginning of the railroad medical security systems reform at the February of two thousand and four, the freedom of patients in the selecting hospital increased, the effectual demand of health service changed, and part railroader patients run away to other hospitals with more competitive ability so that railroad hospital bed efficiency index descend suddenly even lower than the lower control limit. After this, the hospital bed vacancy caused by the outflow of railroader patients was occupied by nearby patients in the radius of hospital service gradually and the railroad hospital bed efficiency ascended correspondingly.

结果 2004年2月铁路医疗保障制度启动，病人选择性就医的自由度加大，病人的卫生服务有效需求发生了转移，一部分铁路医保病人流向了有较强竞争力的其他医院，使得医院病床工作效率值骤然下降，低于病床工作效率控制下限；此后，铁路系统内病人外流造成的床位"空缺"逐渐被医院服务半径内的其他病人占用，医院病床工作效率逐渐缓慢回升，至2005年5月已接近医改前病床工作效率值平均水平。

We study technical spillovers of foreign direct investment in China in this paper based on provinces panel data.

利用中国29个省区1994－2003年面板数据，本文研究了外商直接投资对中国省区经济增长效率的影响，结果显示，相对于国内企业，外资企业具有相对较高的技术效率，外商直接投资对中国省区技术效率的提高有显著的溢出效应，外商直接投资的技术溢出呈现一种区域的差异性，而对外贸易对中国省区的技术效率并没有产生明显的技术溢出，在分区域研究的时候发现，对外贸易对西部省区技术效率的提高产生了显著的抑止作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。