故障时间

The thesis studies from the maintenance data tables of Audi -A6 cars in a repair site within a certain period of time, and it forecasts the potential breakdown of one thousand cars in the future through the maintenance data sheet of existing parts.

本文的研究从奥迪-A6轿车某1维修站点在某段时间内的维修数据表出发，通过对现有的某0件的维修数据表预测未来某个时间此0件的千车故障数。

This thesis focuses on analyzing the horizontal and vertical resolution of the main data reasonably, data fitting, residual analysis and the projections of the potential breakdown of one thousand cars in the future and it also illustrates the main batch production cars, sold time, maintenance time, maintenance parts, causes and extent of damage, repair costs, etc in the maintenance of data tables.

主要解决了横向数据与纵向数据的合理性分析，数据拟合与残差分析以及对未来千车故障数的预测。维修数据表主要包含哪个批次生产的轿车、售出时间、维修时间、维修部位、损坏原因及程度、维修费用等等。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

Better constructability brings lower investment,shorter time limit and longer life cycle.

较好的可维护性带来的收益包括降低运营成本和生命周期费用、减少发生故障后的维修时间、延长产品使用寿命、降低故障率、减少计划外的运行暂停时间。

In this paper ,a new approach developed for ground-fault localization on ungrounded and high-resistance grounded system is described .

从电能质量的角度来看，发生单相接地故障时，这两种接地方式的电网都可以带病运行较长时间，可在预定时间内有计划停电进行维修，这对企业的连续生产意义重大，减少了产品的损失、设备损耗以及停机时间。

Based on analyzing combat unit mission reliability and maintainability requirement, the models of mean time between failure and mean time to repair of combat unit are given. The transformation model from combat unit mobile mission to MLDT is constructed.

在分析作战单元任务可靠性维修性基础上，给出了作战单元的平均致命性故障间隔时间和平均维修保障停机时间定义和模型，建立了作战单元任务要求到使用可用度转换和使用可用度要求到保障部署要求转换模型。

Some methods aiming at the two problems have been researched. First, the optimal number of ATE site can be calculated based on a cost model of DAT-ATE. Second, the problem of test schedule which is equitant with two-dimensional Bin-Packing problem is presented. Then a TCG denotation satisfied with T-admissible rule is more convenient for combinational optimization. With Simulated annealing algorithm, better test scheduling results can be achieved; but there is no great optimization space because the efficiency of scheduling is greater than 90%. Third, A novel test compression method——Multi-capture testing is proposed to compress the stimuli. And the ATPG results show that MC achieves high compression ratio which is greater than 90% in some large-scale circuits. MISR, widely used in LBIST, is employed to compress the responses. The aliasing analysis demonstrates that the fault coverage reduction is little due to the existence of aliasing. Fourth, an improved TIC (called S-TIC) aiming at structured test is proposed based on ARM's TIC. A MC scheduling algorithm is proposed to compute the SoC test time and combine MC vectors to SoC test vectors. The scheduling results shows that test time is greatly reduced when using the proper scheduling priority.

首先，给出了低成本ATE的成本模型，根据此模型得到最低测试成本时系统级测试调度的基本参数——测试Site数；其次，本文将DAT-Scan方式的SoC测试调度等价为两维BP问题，为有效地求解该问题，将该BP问题表示为TCG图并通过模拟退火算法解决其求解过于复杂的问题，调度的结果表明该方法在测试时间上有一定改善，并指出DAT-Scan测试调度效率已经大于90％，进一步优化的空间较小；第三，本文尝试通过测试压缩来解决激励所需的测试带宽，提出了Multi-capture结构并解决了MC测试过程中的&矢量&退化问题，MC测试的ATPG结果表明其测试压缩率很高（大电路接近90％）；第四，在激励获得很高压缩比的情况下，测试响应也需压缩，本文采用LBIST中常用的MISR作为MC测试的响应压缩电路，理论分析和实验结果都证明了MC测试的别名对故障覆盖率影响较小（小于2％），并对两类别名的成因做了具体分析；第五，在MC测试及其响应压缩的基础上，本文改进了ARM公司的测试控制器TIC使之适合于MC测试，为了解决MC测试矢量合成问题，本文抽取了MC测试模型，通过固定优先级的MC测试调度模拟将MC矢量合成为ATE矢量，并模拟出了总的MC测试时间。

But, the same problem repeats after a short time, the startor and tooth-ring are changed again for satisfying the client.

时间不久故障再次发生，在满足客户时间情况下，予以继续更换起动机和齿圈。

The experimental results show the validness of the mechanism analyses.2. According to the generation mechanism of the leak acoustic signal, the characteristics of the leak acoustic signal are investigated. The auto correlation technology is adopted to descript the leak signal characteristics due to the ability to analyze the coherence of time series. A new procedure to identify the leak acoustic signal from the disturbed noises is proposed based on the conjunction of correlation and approximate entropy algorithm.3. The principle and application in leak location of the correlation and the adaptive filter techniques are introduced. The problems of the traditional leak location methods are analyzed.4. In order to establish the leak detection signal model, the leak acoustic propagation characteristics are investigated experimentally.

从泄漏声产生机理出发，分析了管道泄漏处湍流拟序结构与空泡间相互作用的机理，认为在该机理作用下，泄漏声信号产生过程具有&不可重复&的特征；由于相关函数具有分析时间序列拟序结构的能力，且近似熵从统计的角度区别时间过程的复杂性，因此，提出将信号相关分析和近似熵理论相结合的方法，提取泄漏声信号&不可重复&的特征，辨识管道泄漏故障发生；在实际检测现场，由于各种管内和管外固定声源噪声(如阀门噪声、工地施工噪声等)常导致泄漏误判和漏点定位错误，重点分析了管内固定噪声源的产生机理和特征，为复杂干扰环境下的泄漏辨识提供理论支持。

Celebrate Lyrics - stearing to this tunnel of life it ain't a far sight in the dark searching for god's light so cold I got frost bite lost kite from the prison this system got these young niggaz lost like mice in a maze rollin dice to the grave some say it's just the price of the fame reality strike, repeat the same tragedy twice all I'm thinkin man it had to be life when the casualties rise plan plotting 'til your strategy dies black cotton till i've gotten what's mine I don't travel the globe stood firm with an average of 4 I was almost cut down like a half of a stole but you know that ain't how we roll from a soldier to a general go leadin' still do what I'm told I got the soul of a old head in the young niggaz bodies we don't put this gun in nobody you don't wanna know no homie what is really goin on shit is real couldn't tell you everything in a song man the pain is so personal so deep I couldn't explain it in words for ya I don't sleep I can rest when I'm dead cause I'm blessed while I'm here through the rain, pain blood, sweat and tears dedicated to underdogs that wanna see us make it we make it, they make it this calls for celebration all around the world we about to celebrate the mamas ain't crying no mo my niggaz ain't dying no mo tell me do you wanna go I mean it's kinda like a holiday kinda like a white tray on silver day kinda like jamaica in may when all my people celebrate I wasn't born with a silver spoon my mama was poor in the delivery room but we gon make it look done made it cops still goin strong mom poppin the greatest life been good to a nigga I remember bout the hood and how I could do a nigga but not me I been good to a nigga I support not no more i'm a hood rich nigga now and I'm hangin like wet clothes the fresh white frisbee tee countin bank rows I ain't botherin with you stank hoes another problem bith I got enough for those me, myself I don't need nothin else but a good mind and some good health that's all I got on my wish list pop a bottle what's the celebration bithes we ain't sayin that it's all good now any hood USA man it still goes down but despite of all that we gon still have a good time toss a few back celebrate the fact that my kids still eatin man I'm glad I'm still breathin glad I got my ratchet cause the snakes still creapin man I got a lawyer cause the law still cheatin listen, big bottles of drank big weed in my pocket nigga I got stanks we gon drank, we gon smoke till we damn near faint and after all that we gon do it again this is for the good time so we get some mo if we don't we gon smile on the ones before if you got real ones man hug your folks cause you never know when it gon go so celebrate

庆祝歌曲-稳坐在这个隧道的生命是不是一个迷宫小鼠远视力在黑暗中寻找神的光明，我喜欢寒冷霜冻咬了风筝失去了这种从监狱系统niggaz失去了这些年轻罗兰骰子到坟墓有人说这只是执行价格的名声现实，重复同样的悲剧两次，将所有的人，我想着它必须生活在伤亡人数上升密谋计划'直到你的策略，直到去世黑色棉花我得到什么是我的，我不站在全球的旅游公司与4我几乎平均削减一半，像一个一个偷，但你知道不我们如何从一个士兵到轧辊一般去引入线'还是做什么我告诉我的灵魂得到了niggaz的年轻一岁的机构负责人在我们不把你这把枪没有人不希望不知道什么是真正亲密的狗屎布莱恩的，是真正的人不能告诉你一切在一首歌曲的痛苦是如此深刻，以致我个人无法解释它为ya话，我不睡觉，我可以休息时，我死因为我祝福的同时我在这里通过雨水，疼痛鲜血，汗水和泪水，致力于弱者想要看到我们使我们能去的，他们使这是值得庆祝所有世界各地的我们将要庆祝妈妈的孩子是我没有哭没有谟niggaz不是死无模告诉我你想不想去我的意思是在有点儿像牙买加这样的假期天有点儿有点儿像一盘银白色的可能时，我所有的人们庆祝我不是同一个房间银匙出生我的妈妈在分娩较差，但我们健使它看起来做了它强大的警察仍然布莱恩妈妈屁股最大的生活好了，我记得一个nigga回合的引擎盖，以及如何我可以做一个nigga但不是我好，我被一nigga我不支持没有更多的我是一个引擎盖丰富的nigga，现在我喜欢湿衣服犹豫不决清新的白色飞盘发球countin银行行我不惹你发臭锄头另一个有点问题我得到的够我自己，我不需要别的没什么好主意，但一些好健康这就是我得到了我的愿望清单弹出一个瓶子有什么庆祝位住户开支统计调查我们是不是sayin这一切都很好现在任何引擎盖美国男子仍出现故障，但尽管所有我们坤仍有一个良好的时间折腾几回庆祝的是，我的孩子仍然eatin人我很高兴我还是很高兴我得到了我的呼吸棘轮导致蛇人仍然creapin我得到了律师事业在法律上仍然不忠听，袖珍的nigga大杂草在我的大瓶喝我喝了斯坦克斯我们健，所以我们得到一些，我们坤烟，直到我们该死的近微弱，毕竟，我们坤时间再做这是为好钼如果我们不，我们的那些健微笑之前，如果你有真正的男人拥抱你的乡亲，因为你从来不知道什么时候健走那么庆祝

Finally, according to market conditions and market products this article paper analyzes the trends in the development of camera technology, and designs a color night vision camera.

最后根据市场情况和市面上产品的情况分析了摄像机技术的发展趋势，并设计了一款彩色夜视摄像机。

Only person height weeds and the fierce looks stone idles were there.

只有半人深的荒草和龇牙咧嘴的神像。