政策

Furthermore, we can discover that rational model have some nonnegligible positive functions, such as caring for policy outcomes, producing the systematic knowledge centering in problems, avoiding irrational trial and error method, promoting policy innovation to the hilt, being most likely to prevent individual judgment and experiential judgment from getting the run upon.

我们还可以发现，理性决策模式具有不可忽视的正功能，譬如关注政策结果、避免非理性试错、生产以问题为中心的系统知识、最大限度地支持和促进政策创新、最有可能防止个人判断和经验判断占上风。

This chapter mainly expounds basic quantitative monetary theory and model, then thinks that monetary neutrality and nonneutrality is the important premise of whether the monetary policy is effective or not.

本章重点论述了一些基本的货币数量理论及模型，并且认为货币政策是否具有有效性的重要前提是货币中性命题是否成立，并展开阐述了凯恩斯主义的货币需求动机理论，概述了不同经济学派对货币政策有效性的主要观点和结论。

The Lynn White debate, which begun when White called for a rethinking of Christianity or its replacement by a nonWestern religion, has proved an obstacle to dealing with the environmental crisis The defense of Christianity that followed inhibited Asian and comparative environmental ethics in the West and did not produce environmentally useful results Whenever the relationship of religion and the environment was raised, the discussion quickly shifted to the issue of Christian responsibility for the environmental crisis The problem with the debate is that in many important ways, the White thesis is correct: Christianity is indeed responsible to a significant degree in that Christianity desacralized nature and it supported policies politically in the Middle Ages that encouraged now harmful human population growth and promoted science and technology, much of which has proved to be environmentally problematic There was nevertheless a second tradition of which Saint Francis of Assisi was a part that was environmentally friendly and that could be useful in rethinking Christianity environmentally It is however unlikely that Christianity will prove useful in the development of an environmental ethic in nonWestern countries or that nonWestern religions will succeed in producing an environmental ethic in the West It is therefore important that religious scholars move beyond assigning blame for the environmental crisis and find ways for the major world religions to help develop environmental ethics as best they can within their own cultural spheres

林恩怀特争论始于怀特关于对基督教进行重新思考或者由非西方宗教取而代之的呼吁。林恩怀特争论已经被证明成为处理环境危机的一个障碍。由此而起的对基督教的辩护制约了亚洲和其他比较环境伦理学在西方的发展，没有产生对环境有益的结果。无论何时，当人们谈及宗教和环境的关系的时候，讨论都会迅速转向有关基督教对环境危机责任的讨论。这一争论的关键在于，怀特的论文在很多方面是对的：基督教的确在相当大的程度上造成了自然的世俗化，并且在中世纪，基督教在政治上对现在看来有害的人口增长的政策提供了支持，促进了科学和技术的发展，很多诸如此类的政策已经被证明对环境是有害的。但是，基督教还存在另一种对环境友好的传统，Assisi城的&圣芳济&运动就是其中一例，这种传统也许对于从环境角度重新认识基督教是有益的。但是，对于非西方国家环境伦理的发展，基督教将很难能够有所作为，非西方宗教也不大可能成功地在西方产生出某种环境伦理。因此，对于研究宗教的学者们而言，重要的是要走出谁应该为环境危机受到指责的争论，找到世界各主要宗教如何在其各自的文化范围内对发展环境伦理提供最佳帮助的方法。

This paper is a survey of the trade theory and policy models based on the oligopolistic competition, an important branch of "NEW" trade theory and policy studies.

顾名思义，本文回顾了从20世纪70年代开始兴起的以不完全竞争和规模收益递增假设为特征的新贸易理论和政策研究的一个重要方向，即以寡头竞争为导向的贸易理论和政策模型。

And its monetary-policy arm's overstimulative policy ahead of the credit boom arguably made it a stoker of systemic risk.

而美联储货币政策部门在信贷极度扩张之前实施的过度刺激经济的政策对系统性风险起到了推波助澜的作用。

While several areas of China's trade policies, i.e. schedules of market-access commitments in goods and specific commitments on services, have been the focus of bilateral and plurilateral negotiations, it was the responsibility of the Working Party to maintain an overview of how the negotiations were progressing and to ensure that all aspects of China's trade policies were addressed.

尽管若干地区的对华贸易政策，即班次市场准入承诺对商品和服务的具体承诺，备受双边和多边谈判有责任维持工作小组概述谈判进展如何，确保所有方面，中国的贸易政策问题。

I The purpose of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism is to contribute to improved adherence by all Members to rules, disciplines and commitments made under the Multilateral Trade Agreements and, where applicable, the Plurilateral Trade Agreements, and hence to the smoother functioning of the multilateral trading system, by achieving greater transparency in, and understanding of, the trade policies and practices of Members.

贸易政策审议机制的目的在于通过提高各成员贸易政策和做法的透明度并使之得到更好的理解，有助于所有成员更好地遵守多边贸易协定和适用的诸边贸易协定的规则、纪律和在各协定项下所作的承诺，从而有助于多边贸易体制更加平稳地运行。

IThe purpose of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism is to contribute to improved adherence by all Members to rules, disciplines and commitments made under the Multilateral Trade Agreements and, where applicable, the Plurilateral Trade Agreements, and hence to the smoother functioning of the multilateral trading system, by achieving greater transparency in, and understanding of, the trade policies and practices of Members.

贸易政策审议机制的目的在于通过提高各成员贸易政策和做法的透明度并使之得到更好的理解，有助于所有成员更好地遵守多边贸易协定和适用的诸边贸易协定的规则、纪律和在各协定项下所作的承诺，从而有助于多边贸易体制更加平稳地运行。

The postelection polls may have been poorly composed, but the broader question of shared values-the standards and principles that the majority of Americans deem important in their lives, and in the life of the country-should be the heart of our politics, the cornerstone of any meaningful debate about budgets and projects, regulations and policies.

选举后的民调也许一直不令人舒心，但是共享价值观（大多数美国人觉得他们的生活和国家活动中重要的标准和准则）引出了更加广泛的疑问，这应该是我们政策方针的重中之重，也是所有关于国家预算、计划、调控和政策的有意义的辩论的基础。

To fulfil the"setting up market regulations"function, the government usually applies legal means, administrative means and preceptoral means; to fulfil the"adjusting distribution of incomes"function, the government mainly employs legal means and economic means, while occasionally uses political means and administrative means when necessary; to fulfil the "maintaining macro economic stability"function, the government mainly makes use of economic means and administrative means though legal means also can not be ignored; when the"coordinating external economic relations"function is carried out, the role of political means is very prominent, the effect of administrative means is very outstanding while the ability of economic means is relatively limited.

其意义主要表现在：（1）严格科学的绩效评估能够造就高效的政府，高效的政府才更与市场经济相合；（2）严格科学的绩效评估能够将控制政府行为过程的权力客观化，从而有利于提高政府工作的效率；（3）严格科学的绩效评估能够预先设定政府管理经济行为的方向，从而有利于保证政府政策制定的科学性；（4）严格科学的绩效评估体系能够不断纠正政府经济职能执行过程中的偏差，从而有利于保证政策实施过程的正确性。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。