政治经济学

The fundamental position of academic economics is in all the time in our country since the plutonomy is long-term.

政治经济学长期以来在我国一直处于理论经济学的基础地位。

I have described some of these already, there is a distinction between political economy and economics.

我已经谈到了其中的一些，讲到了政治经济学与经济学之间存在区别。

Commercial economics has self-existent reason completely as plutonomy branch, it is necessary that major is opened as course related the college.

商业经济学作为政治经济学分支完全有独立存在的理由，高校相关专业作为课程开设是必要的。

My conceptual framework relates to the political economy, not the market economy as an abstract construct that is governed by timelessly valid laws.

我的理念结构关系到政治经济学，而不是抽象概念的、受永恒有效规律主宰的市场经济学。

With regard to the reforming of the teaching contents,we should unwaveringly keep to the basic principles of Marxist political economics, be highly attentive to the integraton of theory and practice,and adopt a critical attitude when borrowing and assimilating elements of Western economical theories.

改革教学内容，坚持马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理，重视理论联系实际的环节，对西方经济学理论采取应借鉴和吸收的态度。

The thesis has three theoretic fundamentals. The first basis is the theory of international relation, which contains several concepts such as state interest, international cooperation, international regimes , international governance, international negotiation democracy and international political economy. The second one is the game theory, which includes such concepts as game theory, Nash equilibrium and Pareto optimum, six basic game graphs are prisoner's dilemma, boxed pigs, chicken, hegemony, stag bant and battle of the sexes, the major factors are information communication, benefits allocation, hegemony power, time ＆ repeated and player number etc. The third one is the theory of environmental economics, whose prime concepts are public good, externality, free riding and market failure, but the methods to internalize externality are cap ＆ trade , carbon taxes and policy ＆ measures .

本文有3个理论基础：一是国际关系理论，其基本概念包括：国家利益、国际合作、国际制度、国际治理、国际谈判民主制和国际政治经济学；二是博弈论，其基本概念包括：博弈论、纳什均衡与帕累托最优，所采用的6种基本博弈图式为，囚徒困境博弈、智猪博弈、斗鸡博弈、盟主博弈、捕鹿博弈和性别战博弈，影响博弈结局的要素主要是，信息与沟通、利益分配与利益选择、盟主与引导力量、时间与重复博弈、博弈者数量的影响；三是环境经济学理论，其基本概念包括：公共物品、外部性、搭便车和市场失灵，解决外部性的基本方法是，限量与交易、碳税和政策与措施。

The rationality and justness of private enforcement have also been sustained by the political economics, law and economics and the Private Attorneys General theory.

政治经济学从解决&政府失败&问题的需求、法律经济学从法律实施的成本收益分析、英美法学研究从&私人总检察长&理论的角度，均对私人实施法律的合理性与正当性提供了学理支撑。

The foundation of this course is Introduction to Economics,Political Economy.

该课程的先行课是经济学导论、政治经济学。

Sismondi becomes the pioneer of humanistic economics because he puts political economics into the framework of ethics again, and his concern on the happiness of people.

正因为西斯蒙第关心人的最终幸福，把政治经济学重新纳入伦理学的大框架下，从而成为人本主义经济学的先驱。

Therefore, Sismondi made critics on such kind of Laissez-Faire and its theories, and he proposes that we should put research emphasis of economics on increasing the welfare of people. On the one hand, he puts consumption to the primary status, and he believes that the purpose of production is consumption; on the other hand, he regards income distribution or distribution problem as the core of the research on political economics.

为此，西斯蒙第对这种自由放任政策及其理论进行批判，并重新把经济学的研究转换到提高人的福利这一途径上来：一方面，他把消费提到首要地位，强调生产是为了消费；另一方面，他把收入分配或分配问题作为政治经济学的研究中心。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。