政治社会的

Either at the point of Marx's theory about inherent restriction and external restriction on freedom or taking the functional theory's stand that argues for the role of division of social class, these different treatments are unreasonable and impeditive for social progress as superstructures, so they have formed legal inequality.

无论是从马克思有关自由的内在限制和外在限制的观点看，还是从人类政治文明发展的一般进程看，甚至从对社会分层持积极解释立场的功能主义理论看，这些差别对待都是不合理的，都是阻碍和制约社会进步的落后的上层建筑，因此它们构成了法律上的不平等。

Nowadays there still exist some factors, which affect the effectiveness of intergovernmental tax competition in China.

政府间税收竞争的一般效应是一种普遍意义上的社会经济效应，不因国家政治经济制度的差异而存在显著的不同：政府间税收竞争的特殊效应是一种特殊意义上的社会经济效应，体现为对制度演化的促进作用。

This essay attempts to reappear the process of ethnic evolution of Sizhaizi —a historical community which is constituted of migrate groups with multi-culture and complex backgrounds—by means of analyzing the economic,social,culture and political factors in its special environment on longue durée.

本文试图根据有关的文献资料和口述资料，把族群的演变放在具体的地理空间以及历史的社会、文化、政治环境中，用社会学的理论来建立资料之间的逻辑关系，对族群归属的社会定义和自我认同做长时段的历史分析，从而在一定程度上再现四寨子族群演变的过程。

My opinion that "art is the most political realm" is derived from the avant-garde. With Jin's Great Economic Retreat, what I want to say to them is that not all works that reflect China's realities are realist reflectionist. More importantly, what kind of works can be differentiated from "reform and open-door realist art"?

我的诸如&艺术是最政治的领域&的主张都是从前卫艺术而来的，就金江波的《经济大撤退》图片，我要回应他们的是：与中国现实社会结合的作品不全都是现实主义反映论的，更重要的是：什么样的社会作品才能区别于&改革开放现实主义艺术&？

The article also describes the transformation from the seigniorial economy to the market economy, the instability of hierarchy system, the adjustment of Bukufu's regime, and the change of politics, economy and the thought development to analyze the social structure of Tokugawa Era and the motivity, effect and result of thought change and explore the advantages of Japanese modernization as well.

通过对德川时代领主经济向市场经济的转变、身份等级制的松动、幕藩体制的调整与政治、经济及社会思想发展轨迹等方面的描述与梳理，分析德川时代社会结构及思想变迁的动力、影响与结果，发掘德川时代孕含着哪些日本发展现代化的有利条件，从而探寻日本走向现代化的基础。

Instead of a "moment" of change, China needs structural and long-term reforms: placing the Communist Party under the rule of law, unshackling the media and Internet, allowing religious adherents to freely practice their faiths, ceasing harassment of civil-society groups that work on AIDS and the environment, and addressing modest calls for accountability in the political system.

而不是&瞬间&的改变，中国社会需要结构性的和长期的改良：将中国共产党的地位置於法律之下，恢复媒体和互联网自由，允许信教徒能够自由地践行他们的宗教信仰，停止对防治艾滋病和环境保护社会团体的管制，建立一种更加谦和的政治体制。

Instead of a "moment" of change, China needs structural and long-term reforms: placing the Communist Party under the rule of law, unshackling the media and Internet, allowing religious adherents to freely practice their faiths, ceasing harassment of civil-society groups that work on AIDS and the environment, and addressing modest calls for accountability in the political system.

而不是&瞬间&的改变，中国社会需要结构性的和长期的改良：将中国****的地位置于法律之下，恢复媒体和互联网自由，允许信教徒能够自由地践行他们的宗教信仰，停止对防治艾滋病和环境保护社会团体的管制，建立一种更加谦和的政治体制。

Instead of a "moment" of change, China needs structural and long-term reforms: placing the Communist Party under the rule of law, unshackling the media and Internet, allowing religious adherents to freely practice their faiths, ceasing harassment of civil-society groups that work on AIDS and the environment, and addressing modest calls for accountability in the political system.

而不是&瞬间&的改变，中国社会需要结构性的和长期的改良：将中国共产党的地位置于法律之下，恢复媒体和互联网自由，允许信教徒能够自由地践行他们的宗教信仰，停止对防治艾滋病和环境保护社会团体的管制，建立一种更加谦和的政治体制。

This bent on the vulgarisation of the artistic phenomenon is alive and well today. It is not, to be sure, a novel idea, it rests upon nearly a century of politics and social experience, but that is of no concern. It is predominantly the fruit of the development, both dazzling and merciless, of consumption, it in itself a consequence of economic reform. Artistically speaking, this form could have only been developed from the atmosphere of the nineteen nineties.

这种俗化的艺术现象的趋势至今依然未衰，当然这种大众化的思想虽然有着近百年中国社会和政治的基础，但是一个更重要的根本原因，仍然是中国经济改革所带来社会商品消费的迅猛发展所导致的，也只能在90年代中后期才能出现这种艺术现象和艺术策略。

A series of consequent negative influences are mainly as follows. In terms of the loss of natural ecology, the traditional technical innovation cajoles people into inappropriate consumption, causes the malformed development of techniques, results in the ecological loss of technical rationality and functions as an amplifier to technical dissimilation. In terms of ecological loss of society, due to ecological loss of themselves, traditional activities of technical innovation will produce bad effect on people's value views, on much loss of intellectuals in undeveloped countries,on social economy,on political and economic orders in the world and on polarization between the rich and the poor.

由此而带来一系列的负面影响，这集中表现在：在自然生态缺失方面，传统技术创新诱导了人们的不正当消费、导致了技术的畸形发展、造成了技术理性的生态缺失以及对技术异化起到了放大器的作用；在社会生态缺失方面，由于自身的生态缺失，传统技术创新活动对人类的价值观念、对落后国家的人才流失、对社会经济、对全球政治经济秩序以及对贫富两极分化亦会产生一些不利的影响。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。