政治社会的

The scholars started from a point of view that theyself were the male and realizeded that the female's beauty is a latent harm to the society of males.Because of it,the scholars gave the female some effective criterion of ethics and behavior. So the female could walk on this road voluntarily and became a controlled and enslaved role.Besides it, the scholars bounded and fixed the female's station in accordance with the given distinction of production, labor, politics and education between the male and felmale.It became a theory starting point of ethics that males and husbands the honour, females and wives the humble in the aftertime of bimillennium.

在对女性角色的认识上，先秦诸子从自己为男子的角度出发，意识到了女性的容貌之美及其对男性社会的潜在危害；为此，诸子便自然要给予女性一套行之有效的德行规范，并制定对她们进行养成教育的具体方法和途径，从而使女性自觉自愿地行由其径，成为男性驾驭、压迫和奴役的角色；先秦诸子还从自己的思想主张出发，依据男女在生产劳动、政治参与、接受教育以及家庭生活等诸多方面的既有差别，对女性地位予以全面界定，这成为后世两千年来男女、夫妇尊卑分明的伦常观念的理论起点。

ABSTRACT After the ebb-tide of the May 4th Movement, the Chinese modern thoughts and literary circles went from relative unity towards diversity Up to the 1930's, behind the spirit transformation at the end of the twenties, Chinese modern intellectuals began to relocate and redesign their own outlooks on life and literary ideal The Lunyu School, which was led by Zhou Zuoren and Lin Yutang, mostly appeared as leisure humorous essays in some journals, such as Lun Yu, Ren Jian Shi and Yu Zhou Feng which was edited by Lin Yutang It formed an unique landscape at that time This thesis focused on the Lunyu School as the main object of my study I investigate the Lunyu School by putting it into the vertical orbit of changes of the thoughts and literary circles after the May 4th Movement, and by comparing it with the mainstream of Left-wing and other literary schools in the thirties Through the exploration of Lunyu School's political and social thoughts, literary ideas and aspects of prose creation, I pursue the life choice of some free intellectuals in the thirties, and draw psychological outline of an age of intellectuals, which was very complicated and attractive during that specified time and space When we reconsider the rights and wrongs, the merits and demerits, and the gains and losses in theory and creations of Lunyu School intellectuals, any oversimplified study method would be of"no avail but the waste of mind"Unless ample estimation of their own complexity and contradiction is made, furthermore subtly delineates quite a lot of originates which caused these complexity and contradiction, the research will not be valuable In face of the whizzed coming Left-wing movement in literature, Lunyu School acted as a reconsideration in literary modernity such reconsideration is a layer of thinking They introspected intellectuals'essential mind and enlightened reason, querying the impulsive, swift and fierce ideological trend, judging by value in the relations between individuality and society, individuality and era, literature and politics.

五四落潮后，中国现代思想界、文学界由相对统一走向分化，至二十世纪三十年代，现代知识分子经由二十年代末期的精神蜕变，开始重新定位和设计自己的人生观和文学理想。以"京兆布衣"周作人为精神领袖、以林语堂为主帅的论语派，以幽默闲适小品文相号召，在林语堂主编的一系列刊物《论语》、《人间世》、《宇宙风》上聚集，南北呼应，造成了当时文坛的一种独特景观。本论文以论语派为研究对象，将其放在五四以后文学界与思想界变动的纵向轨迹上，放在与三十年代左翼主流话语的颉颃及与其它文学流派的比照中加以考察，通过对论语派政治社会思想、文学观念及散文创作诸方面的探讨，追索三十年代一部分自由知识分子的人生选择，勾划出他们在一个特定时空里复杂又极具魅力的心理轮廓。学术界对论语派中一些主要作家已有较深入的研究，但迄今为止，尚无从整体上对这一文学流派作宏观研究的专著，而陈旧的理论视界又往往阻碍了对论语派的重新评价。

China is the world's only remaining Chinese ideographic table and the sound of the text, from the history of Chinese characters ,the source of this nation's history is not only political, economic, social and cultural but also it is Life.

中国的汉字是世界仅存的表意兼表音的文字，从汉字的历史之源考究这个民族的历史，不仅是政治的、经济的、社会的和文化的，而且还包括生活的。

The representatives of the people of France, formed into a National Assembly, considering that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of human rights, are the sole causes of public misfortunes and corruptions of Government, have resolved to set forth in a solemn declaration, these natural, imprescriptible, and inalienable rights: that this declaration being constantly present to the minds of the members of the body social, they may be forever kept attentive to their rights and their duties; that the acts of the legislative and executive powers of Government, being capable of being every moment compared with the end of political institutions, may be more respected; and also, that the future claims of the citizens, being directed by simple and incontestable principles, may always tend to the maintenance of the Constitution, and the general happiness.

组成国民会议的法兰西人民的代表们，相信对于人权的无知、忽视与轻蔑乃是公共灾祸与政府腐化的唯一原因，乃决定在一个庄严的宣言里，阐明人类自然的、不可让渡的与神圣的权利，以便这个永远呈现于社会所有成员之前的宣言，能不断地向他们提醒他们的权利与义务；以便立法权与行政权的行动，因能随时与所有政治制度的目标两相比较，从而更加受到尊重；以便公民们今后根据简单的而无可争辩的原则提出的各项要求，能恒久地导向宪法的维护并有助于人类全体的幸福。因此，国民会议在上帝之前及其庇护下，承认并且宣布如下的人权与公民权

Through discussing the transformation of the system of lawyers during the generation and development of it, and analyzing the phenomena of practicing alienation which have emerged from the Chinese lawyering under Chinese system of lawyers in force, and combining the relevant internal and external theories, we hope to demonstrate some opinions.The first, the external conditions which included the considerable authoritative position of the law and the widespread acceptance by civilian under the rule-by-law situation of the west as England, U-S-A, France and Germany, and the internal conditions which included the great professional practical skills and the improvement of the autonomous and self-governing systems, had formed a great solid base for the establishment and development of the system of lawyers of the West.

拙文通过对律师制度的产生与发展过程中的制度演变的讨论，通过对中国现行律师制度之下中国律师业出现的执业异化的现象的剖析，从政治国家与市民社会的理论模型入手，结合国内外有关的理论探讨，力图说明以下观点：首先，已建立了律师制度的英、美、法、德等西方国家的高度法治状态下法律具有的至高无上的权威地位和民众对律师职业的内在认同等外部条件，以及律师具有的高度专业化的服务技能与他人无法取代的业务素养和律师业自治自律的机制的不断强化等内在条件，为这些西方国家的律师制度奠定了非常坚实的构建和发展的基础。

In fact, it was as a consequence of field research in the Medoc that I came to understand how important culture is, viewed as lived social interactions, the symbolic and the contested, to both the construction and reproduction of the political economy of winegrowing.6 That is, differences in climate and soil can be invoked rhetorically to c6nceal the cultural and historical construction of class privilege or, in Roger Keesing's sense of mimesis (I992), subordinate populations can reproduce the very logic and hegemonic discourse of their privileged counterparts.

实际上，借助 Medoc野外研究的结果，通过社会相互作用、象征与竞争，乃至葡萄种植业的政治经济的建设与再生产，我懂得文化的重要性。即气候和土壤的差异，被夸大的吹嘘以至于隐藏起等级特权的文化与历史建设的作用，在罗杰基辛（1992）模拟的感觉里，人能与他们的特权对手重建非常逻辑和霸权的对话。

Long exploited by the so-called colonial powers, with little opportunity to achieve any degree of social justice, individual dignity, or higher standard of life, such as guided our own noble administration of the Philippines, the peoples of Asia found their opportunity in the war just passed to throw off the shackles of colonialism, and now see the dawn of new opportunity: an heretofore unfelt dignity and the self-respect of political freedom.

长期遭受所谓殖民势力剥削的亚洲人民没有机会得到任何程度的社会公正、个人尊严，或者生活水平的提高。就像被我们的菲律宾贵族政府统治下的人民那样。亚洲人民在战争中找到了机会摆脱了殖民主义的枷锁，并且看到了新时机的曙光，一种从未感受过的自尊和一个国家自由后政治独立的尊严。

Environmental problems of various types undermine human health and settlement quality,resulting in the degeneration of human welfare.Conflicts and lawsuits between individuals and social groups provoked by environmental problems erode social cohesion.The deterioration of eco-system and resulting eco-disasters seriously vitiate nations′ potential of sustainable development.Eco-se...

环境问题破坏了人们的生存环境，损害了身体健康，降低了生活质量；由环境问题所引起的纠纷、投诉和群体冲突影响了社会的稳定；更为严重的是，生态环境的破坏将使国家和民族失去生存条件和发展基础，由此引发的生态灾难对国家安全所构成的威胁甚至比传统的战争破坏更加可怕；环境问题已成为21世纪战争与冲突的导火索和国际政治斗争的焦点，危及国家的安全。

It is a part of political life only as the methods of the counting house are a part of the life of society; only as machinery is part of the manufactured product.

行政管理作为政治生活的一个组成部分，仅在这一点上与企业办公室所采用的工作方法是社会生活的一部分以及机器是制造品的一部分是一样的。

Led by Herzl, this movement was constantly spread. In the meantime, nearly ten years diplomatic practice of Herzl did not only win international reputation and influence for Zionism, but it paved the way for, and supplied experience for, the development of Zionism.

这个运动在赫茨尔的领导下不断壮大，同时，通过他近十年的对外实践活动，犹太复国主义在国际社会的知名度和影响力都得到了提升，同时他的实践也为政治犹太复国主义的发展探索了前进的道路，积累了宝贵的经验。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。