政治社会的

These three are mutually containable, conditionaland with each other for result.

人的实践活动本质不仅创造了人，使人成为主体性的存在，而且是对人的社会存在和社会本质的确证，同时决定了人的发展的过程性、可塑性和永远不能完成性；人的关系本质制约着人的实践活动和人的需要，决定了人必须在社会中生存和发展，是认识人并把人与人区别开来以及理解人的问题在本质上是社会问题的关键所在；人的需要本质是人从事实践活动的根本动因，从而也是社会发展的本源性动因，人的需要本质要求任何一个社会的政治、经济、文化制度、法律、政策、意识形态以及人们参与社会的种种政治、经济、文化等活动都应以满足人的需要为根本出发点和归宿。

In the concluding remark,beginning with the analysis of the positive and negativeeffect of the party politics in western Europe,the author concludes that the essenceof the European Democratic Socialism and its models is that the Social Democratsstruggle for their political domination according to the pragmatic principle.

结语部分从分析西欧多党政治的正负效应入手，剖析了欧洲民主社会主义及其诸模式的精神实质乃是社会民主党人出于实用主义的考虑，根据各自的国情特点，为自己争取政治统治权的一种特定方式，其根本的存在意义在于充当了一定阶层的公民同政府之间的媒介，缓解和调节社会矛盾，为工人阶级及其它中下层群众参与国家政治生活提供合法渠道，部分地实现公平和正义的社会目标。

China in 1949 to the end of 1950"s, which witnessed the first unprecedented outburst of political passion of Chinese youth, 2 the ten-year "Cultural Revolution period: when Chinese youth, driven by enthusiasm and blinded by flightiness and rashness, became politically naive and fanatical, 3 after the Third Session of the Eleventh Party Congress period: when political passion of Chinese youth, with the great tide of reform and open-door policy, came to a new surge, 4 the late 1980s period: when western modern ideas flooded into China, a student movement took place with impatience and negation of Chinese traditions and biased worship of western politics, and 5 the 1990s period: when Chinese youth discarded their restless state of mind started to take part in politics more maturely.

二是中国青年政治激情的辉煌与缺失，从五个阶段论述：中华人民共和国成立至五十年代末期，新中国青年政治激情的第一次空前大爆发；十年文化大革命时期，青年凭着青春的单纯和满腔的热情，带着相当程度的盲目与浮躁，最后导致政治上的狂热和幼稚；十一届三中全会以后，随着改革开放的大潮，中国青年的政治激情再次汹涌澎湃；80年代后期，随着西方现代社会思潮的涌入，急躁情绪、对传统的盲目否定，对西方政治的片面崇拜引发学潮；90年代青年政治参与的"躁动"心态明显减弱，青年参与社会政治的心态趋于成熟。

This is, for China and other multiracial countries, very positive and may give some solutions for the future. In the introduction there is an explanation of the reason why I choose this title and also the questions about Switzerland in the field of present research and the meaning of those researches. The first part describes the formation of the community of Switzerland, and there I define the word "community" and the peculiarity of each member of this community, the time the Swiss people take to build this community. The second part describes this formation with more details like geographical problem, language differences, the psychological pugnacity for liberty, the practical art of neutrality and the freedom for religious behavior. Those themes prove the formation of the Swiss community. The third part contains the following topics: the international position of Switzerland and its stability, the balance of economic production, the foundation of the Swiss government and the charm of its feature. For those topics I use the economic, political and cultural angle.

全文分为瑞士多民族社会的形成，在这一部分中重点介绍了民族和民族共同体的界定，瑞士各民族的地理分布及主要特征，瑞士民族共同体形成的历史时间断限，在这一部分中特别提出了民族共同体的概念，为全文的行文打下一个概念基础；在瑞士民族共同体形成的表现部分中，共分为语言和地域差别问题的消弭，崇尚独立自由的心理素质的确立，中立外交政策的奉行，宗教多元化的制衡等几个小的部分，四个部分平衡并立，共同来论证瑞士民族共同体的表现；在瑞士民族共同体诞生的原因中，共分为以下几个部分，有瑞士特殊的国际地位与多民族社会的稳定，平衡发达的经济及其吸引力，多元政治体制的建构和灿烂文化和性格的魅力，也就是从政治、经济和文化三个角度对这个问题进行了阐述；在现代瑞士多民族社会问题部分中，有如下几个部分瑞士的外来人口在瑞士国家的生活状况，外来人口融合中的困难，以及瑞士民族共同体中其他的一些社会问题，主要探讨的是瑞士社会中的外国人的生活状况，以及在融合和同化的过程中的成功经验以及给整个瑞士社会带来的几个突出的社会问题；最后是对现代瑞士多民族社会问题的思考，也就是从和睦性，认同感以及民族平等政策三个角度中进行的分析。

By study of Confucian c lassics and the new bureaucrat selection system based on it,the leading power in social order is brought into the feudal royal political power structure.In the political cooperation relationship between central power and the local social or der which was built through a kind of culture flavour,the biggest beneficiary un doubtedly are the leader stratum,who have traditional culture and economic power .

通过经学以及以此为基础的新的官僚选拔体系，社会秩序中的领袖力量被纳入皇朝的政治权力结构之中，由经学这样一种明显具有文化传统色彩的政治通道而建构起的皇朝与地方社会秩序的政治合作关系中，其最大的受益者，无疑是那些有着文化传统和经济势力的地方社会的领袖阶层，即地方豪族。

In the social stable period,the functional mechanism can promote the noncompetitive Wushu,while in the furbulent period,it can enhance the development of competitive Wushu.

当社会处于稳定时期，社会的政治、经济、文化得到迅速的繁荣与发展。当社会处于动乱时期，社会的政治、经济、文化的发展与稳定就会受到冲击。

Nowadays, the economy congests the economic society everywhere. It stigmatizes a very deep economic-brand for Ideological and Political Education. The Ideological and Political Education has no more chance to slide over the realistic of economic society.

当前经济社会中处处充斥的经济性，为思想政治教育打下深刻的经济烙印，思想政治教育再不能回避经济社会的现实，思想政治教育应该在经济社会中寻找现实的实效性。

While in eastern sociaties, genarally,with narrow minds, the regimes have strong desire to monopolize eternally the supreme social treasures and power,so autocracy is the ruling way ,accompanied with lying-politics to centrelize the the will of the pople,within which a super-stable sociaty is created by doing all the upmost, and all the time and everywhere is peaceful life with songs and dancings,but reasonable depression and complaints are deemed illegal,thus the instability of the countries with clusters of social problems are surely formed,the reason is that those who are spiritualy depressed ang melancholy are many,among them the majority the elites will always remain such a spiritual state.

而东方社会一般都是由于政权的领袖集团心胸狭小，希望长期且永远地垄断全社会的财富与权力，因而实行的是专制主义政权，并且长期以慌言政治作为统一人心的主要手段。在慌言政治下，还要竭力营造一个越稳定社会，在这个社会里，总是处处时时歌舞升平，不允许发泄不满情绪，这样就决定了社会的不稳定因素众多，因为心理苦闷者多，尤其社会精英中的大部份人会永远有这种心态。

Whilein eastern sociaties, genarally,with narrowminds, the regimes have strongdesire to monopolize eternally the supreme social treasures andpower,so autocracy is the ruling way ,accompanied with lying-politicsto centrelize the the will ofthe pople,within which a super-stable sociaty is created bydoing all the upmost, and all the time and everywhere is peacefullife with songs and dancings,but reasonable depression andcomplaints are deemed illegal,thus theinstability of the countrieswith clusters of social problems are surely formed,the reason isthat those who are spiritualy depressed ang melancholyare many,among them the majority the elites willalways remain such a spiritualstate.

而东方社会一般都是由于政权的领袖集团心胸狭小，希望长期且永远地垄断全社会的财富与权力，因而实行的是专制主义政权，并且长期以慌言政治作为统一人心的主要手段。在慌言政治下，还要竭力营造一个越稳定社会，在这个社会里，总是处处时时歌舞升平，不允许发泄不满情绪，这样就决定了社会的不稳定因素众多，因为心理苦闷者多，尤其社会精英中的大部份人会永远有这种心态。

In domestic politics: Make it clear that the political leadership of the CPC is a world-creating movement with the creation of the non-possessive new civilization and new life as its goal. It does not represent any interest group to participate in competitions for interests with other interest groups, nor does it create or maintain the social environment for fair competition for different interest groups as the administrator of a state or society. Even less does the CPC seek the exclusive political dominance for itself or monopolize national political and economic interests.

在国内政治方面：明确中国共产党的政治领导是创建以非占有的新文明和新生活为政治目标的创世运动，不是代表哪个利益集团与其他利益集团进行利益竞争，也不是作为一个国家和社会的管理者，创造和维护社会中各种利益集团进行公平竞争的社会环境，更不是为中国共产党自身谋求政治的独占统治地位和独享国家政治、经济的利益。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。