政治社会的

In classis theory of civil society, civil society refers to civilization whose opposite is wild society; it is not distinct from political society, the same as political society and civilization.

在古典市民社会理论中，市民社会是指与野蛮社会相对的文明社会；并且与政治社会没有区分，也就是它与政治社会、文明社会属于同一概念。

On this basis, the thesis analyzed Epicurus's thoughts of the intrinsic logic and substance about the formation of political society.

在此基础上文章分析了伊壁鸠鲁的视域中政治社会的本质和形成的内在逻辑。

The result of these developments is an oligarchy of private capital the enormous power of which cannot be effectively checked even by a democratically organized political society.

这样发展的结果就是私人资本的寡头政治，其巨大的权力根本不可能受到民主地组织起来的政治社会的有效控制。

From the very beginning, primitive witchery made art the decisive factor of the fate of their tribes. In the long pre-modern society from then on, art is always the important tool of the various political systems. Hence, religious art and ethical art were the forms of ancient arts that took on the social responsibility of art.

原始巫术自始即将原始艺术置于攸关族群兴衰生死的重大责任位置上，此后漫长的古代文明社会中，艺术始终是不同的政治社会的重要工具，因而，宗教艺术、伦理艺术是古代艺术的社会责任承担形态。

The social level structure is defined from its basic conception, in-depth meaning and characteristics. The term refers to a functional being and social reality, a unity of physical space and value space as well as connectional and theoretical existence. Viewed from the perspective of political philosophy, the social level structure is a political sovereignty grading or ladder in a state who values the supremacy of sovereignty, penetrating into economic, cultural and social fields, universally forming social relationship. Based on general social structure, social system and political sovereignty, the social level structure is an abstractly summary of social hierarchy which is neither a copy of political structure nor simply addition of economic, cultural and social structure. The social level structure is long hidden but universally existing, deeply affecting and shaping social system, people's life and thinking. Based on the above, the thesis probes the social foundation, evolutional law, fundamental quality, running mechanism, historical function, current significant and the reform necessity.

从社会层级结构概念的基本规定、深层意蕴和性状表现三个方面界定社会层级结构概念，认为社会层级结构既是一种实体性存在和社会现实，也是一种观念性存在和理论构造，是物理空间和意义空间的统一；从政治哲学视野，社会层级结构是在政治国家内部按照权力至上的方式形成的权力级别或权力阶梯，并渗透到经济、文化、社会领域，形成具有普遍性的社会关系体系；它以总体社会结构为依托，以社会制度为外化，以政治权力为中轴；它既不是政治结构的翻版，不是社会阶层结构的别名，也不是经济、文化、社会结构的简单叠加，而是对它们层级性的一种抽象和概括；这种结构长期隐而不显，但却无处不在、无时不有，深深地影响和牢牢地控制着社会制度、人的生活和人的思维方式。

The main concern of this dissertation is the relations between republicanism and modern political society. It demonstrates that republican commitment is the legitimacy of modern politics, which means that all members of a civic community share the political sovereignty and civic community should put more emphasize collective self-rule, but both dynamics of modern society and cotemporary dominating political social and moral language of liberalism go against the republicanism's commitment, so this dissertation explores that the civic community should renew the common good, regenerate the deliberative public sphere and foster civic virtue so as to remedy the maladies of modern society.

本文的核心问题是共和主义与现代政治的相关性，主要论点是现代政治的正当性基础在于共和政治的公民共同体全体成员共同享有政治主权，也即公民共同体集体自治原则，但是现代政治一方面是建立在对共和政治的规范性承诺基础之上，另一方面现代社会的内在动力以及现代社会的主流政治社会道德话语对于共和政治的实现和维持或者存在威胁，或者隐含缺陷，要维持和实现共和政治的规范性承诺，需要恢复公共善的优先性、重建协商的公共领域以及塑造公民德性。

Because of the deviation, the society became a one-dimensional society, man became a one-dimensional man.it"s same to the politics, thought and culture. Marcuse critiqued it fierily. He thought that the man in this society would lose his individuality, independence power as well as the inner revolution and negativity against the social control and manipulation. They would be " industrial civilization slave" and "one-dimensional man" freely and numbly, succumbing to society polities" need. Politics became one-dimensional without opposition.

由这种的分离，社会发生异化，社会变成了单向度社会，病态社会，人成了单向度人，政治、思想、文化也都变成了单向度的政治、思想、文化，基于此，马尔库塞对之进行了猛烈抨击，认为人在这样一个社会中失去了自己的个性，失去了自主力，失去了对社会控制与操纵的内在反抗性、否定性，舒舒服服地成为&工业文明的奴隶&，成为屈从社会政治需要而又麻木地自感幸福的&单向度的人&，政治成了没有政治反对派的单向度政治。

Human rights are abso- lute, unconditional and gratuitous. If they are ethicized, the human right relationship between an individual and the state will become the common relationship between an individual and others.

若把人权伦理化，则就把人权之个人或群体与国家或政治社会的关系转变为个人与别人的关系；同时由于伦理的利他性，伦理化的人权就不但不应向别人要求权利，倒是相反地把本应属于个人的权利让渡给别人。

According to Chattelilee, a normative theory of civil society cannot fit well with the reality in India. To overcome such disadvantages, he proposes a theory of political society to explain Indian social development and prescribes a formula of protecting subalterns' rights and interests.

查特杰认为规范性的公民社会理论无法解释印度的现实情况，故提出&政治社会&的概念和理论，以弥补公民社会理论的短处，维护印度底层社会成员的权益。

The social civilization refers to the civilization evolution condition which takes the society as the essence; Viewed from the embryology vision-fields, the social civilization derives from the historical soil of political country, which is the pulling-out from political country; Viewed from the fact-judgment vision-fields, the social civilization realizes the inter-containing between civil society and political country, which is the reorganization to the political country; Viewed from the value-judgment vision-fields, the practice essence of social civilization with the politics vision-fields is to realize the person's full scale development and sustainable development.

社会文明指的是以社会为本位的文明进化状态；从发生学的角度来考察，社会文明形成于政治国家的历史土壤，是对政治国家的抽离与解构；从事实判断的角度来分析，社会文明在新的基础上实现了市民社会与政治国家的涵化，是对政治国家的重组与再造；从价值判断的角度来审视，政治学语境中社会文明的实践本质在于实现人的全面发展与可持续发展。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。