政治手段

The paper consists of following contents:(1)starting with a historicalreview of the use-of-force,this paper reveals a paradoxical evolvementof the two trends in use-of-force,compares the absolutization andinfinity with controllability and finity of the use-of-force,and clarifiesnew characteristics of the use-of-force in post-Cold War era;(2)bysystematically analyzing the era background from the viewpoints ofeconomic globalization,political multipole,military high tech,national separatism and the hegemonism,the paper clarifies factorslimiting and stimulating the use-of-force;(3)by analyzing the lawbackground mainly from the viewpoint of international laws,the paperespecially centralizes the discussion on restrictions made by moderninternational laws on the use-of-force and their limits,dissects thechallenges brought up by the high tech war to international laws;(4)the use-of-force by UN and other regional international organization;(5)refuting the theory of"humanitarian intervention"advocated bythe USA and certain western countries,the paper expatiates the rightrelations between human rights and sovereignty,and demonstrates therightness of the sovereignties and UN;(6)the basic guidelines of theuse-of-force in the post-Cold War era.

分别从经济全球化、政治多极化、军事高技术化以及民族分离主义的泛滥、霸权主义的恶性膨胀等方面系统分析冷战后武力使用的时代背景，揭示出冷战后时代同时存在的限制、约束武力使用的因素，以及诱发、刺激武力使用的因素。（3）主要从国际法的角度分析武力使用的法律背景，着重探讨现代国际法对武力使用的规范和制约作用以及这种作用的有限性，同时剖析现代高技术战争对国际法提出的挑战。（4）主要探讨联合国以及区域性国际组织在冷战后使用武力的实践以及存在的问题。（5）驳斥以美国为首的某些西方国家所鼓吹的&人道主义干涉&论，阐述人权与主权的正确关系，论证主权国家和联合国并没有过时，不能用非人道手段解决人道主义问题。（6）系统提出了冷战后国家间使用武力应遵守的基本准则。

I will compress them within the narrowest compass they will bear, staling the general principle, but not all its limitations. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns and the surest bulwarks against antirepublican tendencies; the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad; a jealous care of the right of election by the people--a mild and safe corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution where peaceable remedies are unprovided; absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of despotism; a well-disciplined militia, our best reliance in peace and for the first moments of war, till regulars may relieve them; the supremacy of the civil over the military authority; economy in the public expense, that labor may be lightly burthened; the honest payment of our debts and sacred preservation of the public faith; encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid; the diffusion of information and arraignment of all abuses at the bar of the public reason; freedom of religion; freedom of the press, and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus, and trial by juries impartially selected.

我打算尽量简略地加以陈述，只讲一般原则，而不讲其全部范畴：不管人们的地位、宗教信仰或政治主张有何不同，人人都应得到平等和绝对公正的待遇；与所有国家和平相处，互相通商，并保持诚挚的友谊，但不与任何国家结盟，以免纠缠不清；维护各州政府的一切权利，使它们成爲处理我们内政最合适的机构，以及抵制反共和趋势的最有力的屏障；维护全国的政府，使之能充分行使宪法赋予的权力，从而成爲对内和平和对外安全的最后堡垒；要十分注意维护人民的选举权，因爲革命留下的弊端，一时没有和平的补救办法，而人民选举权乃是对那些弊端的一种温和而安全的矫正手段；要绝对服从多数的决定，这是共和政体的主要原则，离开这个原则，便只好诉诸武力，而这就是专制的主要原则和直接起源；要维持一支纪律严明的民团，以作爲和平时期和战争初期的最好依仗，直至正规军来接替；实行文权高于军校的政制；节省政府开支，减轻劳动人民的负担；如实偿还我们的债务，把维护政府的信用看作神圣的义务；促进农业发展，并鼓励以商辅农；传播知识并以公衆理智爲依据谴责一切弊端；保障宗教自由及出版自由，并以人身保护令以及由公平选出的陪审团进行审判来保障人身自由。

The aforementioned political clans and affair administration who've been assertive the country's backroom for decades, accept ensured their adaptation by accomplishing balloter deals with one addition to abate or even annihilate competition.

有一些执掌了黎巴嫩政治几十年的政党以及他领袖能够保证他胜出，因为他这些政党和领袖通过一些竞选的手段来削弱了竞争，或者干脆排除了竞争。

As a kind of political tool of conciliating class contradiction, the early form of it emerged in Germany. Thereafter, it became a basic economic measure for anti-crisis and adjustment of aggregate demand when the modern social security system was established in the United States.

它最早出现于德国俾斯麦时期，是作为调和阶级矛盾的政治工具应运而生的；其后，以美国《社会保障法》为标志的现代社会保障制度的建立，把它作为了反危机和调节需求的基本经济手段；新中国成立之后在我国建立的社会保障制度则是作为一种赋予劳动力的权利而被制度化的……但不管怎样，在社会化大生产的条件下，社会保障制度作为社会发展的支持体系，其所具有的保护及化险功能已为全世界所认同。

Talking is one of the most important measure that counselor undertake Ideological and political Education. The effect of Ideological and political Education decides the skills of counselor.The writer using for theory of consultive expatiate

谈话是辅导员进行思想教育和管理工作的重要形式和手段之一，辅导员的谈话艺术决定辅导员思想政治教育的效果，本文通过借鉴咨询心理学方面的知识，阐述了辅导员的谈话技巧。

I proposed that CPPCC, as patriotism united front organization in the new period, is the consultive mechanism of socialistic democracy and means of consolidating and expanding state integration. It represents the special value of deliberative democracyof Chinese formation in Chinese state-building.

在第四章，本文通过对改革开放中人民政协章程的历次修改和人民政协的政治定位的考察，提出作为新时期爱国主义统一战线组织，人民政协是社会主义民主的协调机制和巩固、扩大国家一体化的手段，体现了中国形态协商民主在中国现代国家建设中的独特价值。

Cultural theory is relative to econdric thary while intellectual cilivization construction is relative to materical cilivization construction, So cultural construction theory derives from intellectual cilivization. We can summarize Deng Xaoping's cultural construction theory in 4 aspects. First, soicalist essential charactedstic is that economic and cilivization prosper together. Second, intellectual cilivization construction is the clementary content of socialist cultual construction.

这个世纪伟人在给我们勾画现代化建设的宏伟蓝图时，始终告诫我们必须对社会主义的经济、政治和文化三者在整个社会历史进程中的互为因果、互为条件、相互促进、协调发展的关系有一个清醒的认识和把握，并由此进一步阐述了社会主义文化建设的基本内容、根本任务和建设手段等问题，成为党在改革开放历史时期领导社会主义文化建设的指导思想。

I first met Marco at the Linz Urban Flash presentation, before that what I knew about him was through his work at the Venice Biannale Finland hall, sensing his intensely, almost politically correct ecological concepts, through a very architectural excecution, elevated to an illusional dreamlike artistic realm.

第一次与Marco相识，是在Urban Flash， Linz会场，我与他被安排在同一个单元作报告，之前对他的认识，只是透过上届威尼斯建筑双年展芬兰馆的作品，感受到他能够透过建筑实体那麼具象的手段，将强烈明晰近乎是政治正确的环保概念，提升到如梦似幻的美学创作境界。

The author believes that, Narrating in Vogue, a representative urban cultural style,first appeared in Shanghai in the second vicenary of last century. Through fashionmagazines and public medias, this cultural style quickly occupied the mainstream,affected the philosophy and judgment of the mass, played a sub-ideology role insocial construction as a living politics.

笔者认为，&时尚叙事&是 20 世纪二三十年代出现于上海商业都市的一种时尚性的另类都市文化叙事，这类风格的叙事以时尚杂志或大众传媒手段为载体，借助时尚性、大众传播的传媒方式占领文化市场，直接驱入都市日常生活的各个时空，并且以生活政治的方式影响并左右着人们的思想行为和价值判断，在社会的现代化建设中发挥了亚意识形态的作用。

Policy makers are reluctant to move more aggressively on interest rates because they see rising risks from the external global environment and worry about the sustainability of the recovery,' said Standard Chartered economist Jinny Yan, who also noted that the final decision on rates lies not with central bank, as in most major economies, but rather with China's top political leaders.

渣打银行经济学家Jinny Yan说，由于决策者看到全球经济环境中风险正在上升，对经济复苏的可持续性感到担心，因此不愿采取更为激进的利率手段。他还指出，中国与大多数经济体不同，央行不是利率的最终决策者，最终决策权在最高政治领导人手中。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。