政治制度

Chandler acknowledges that as one compares sociotechnical institutions of different nations, one sees "ways in which cultural attitudes, values, ideologies, political systems, and social structure affect these imperatives."

程德勒承认，比较不同国家的社会技术制度，会看到「在许多方面，文化态度、价值标准、意识型态、政治体制以及社会结构，影响了这些规则。

Therefore, western countries such as the EU and the USA refused to approve Chinese market economy status because of political and economical factors in anti-dumping investigations against China. They mainly apply"Subrogate Country"to calculate the normal value of Chinese goods in adjudicating anti-dumping cases, which brought forth much difficult to Chinese enterprises'reply to accusations. It also caused serious damages to the economic benefits and the development of economic of China.

因此，在对我国提起的反倾销调查中，以欧美为首的西方国家为了不同的政治和经济利益，拒绝承认中国的&市场经济地位&，从而在反倾销裁决中，确定我国涉案产品的正常价值主要采用替代国制度，使我国企业在应对反倾销调查中处于极为不利的境地，给我国的经济利益造成了重大的损失，对我国经济的发展造成了重大的不利影响。

However, Our political party system has to be developed and reformed, especially the exploring and managing to its implementing form(including ministerial party's, suffragial party's and the implementing form of mutual supervising),with the development in our economical and political circumstances.

然而，随着我国经济、政治大环境的发展变化，我们不得不在实践中不断地发展和完善我国的政党体制，在这个过程中对政党制度的实现形式（包括执政党领导的实现形式、民主党派参政的实现形式、互相监督的实现形式）的探索和运用显得格外紧迫和重要。

However, Our politicalparty system has to be developed and reformed, especially the exploring andmanaging to its implementing form(including ministerial party 's, suffragial party'sand the implementing form of mutual supervising),with the development in oureconomical and political circumstances.

然而，随着我国经济、政治大环境的发展变化，我们不得不在实践中不断地发展和完善我国的政党体制，在这个过程中对政党制度的实现形式（包括执政党领导的实现形式、民主党派参政的实现形式、互相监督的实现形式）的探索和运用显得格外紧迫和重要。

Therefore, besides the Land Assignment-Land Use and Political Precondition-Development Path framework, this article used property rights and market mechanism analysis tools, deeply thoughted about the trade-off of efficiency and equity.

因此，在以往&土地分配—土地利用&和&政治前提—发展途径&的认识框架之下，本文着重运用&产权制度—市场环境&的分析工具，进行&效率—公平&的深层思考。

The losing of social justice leads to the expanse of disparity between the rich and the poor in economic, power corruption in politics, and decreasing of moral in social life. The losing of the social justice in modern China is caused by the lack of justice in traditional culture, the unperfectness of new institution and the softness ofrewards and punishments.

社会正义的缺失造成经济上贫富差距扩大、政治上权力腐败、社会生活上道德滑坡等不良影响；造成当代中国社会正义缺失的原因有传统文化中正义因素的缺乏、体制转换过程中的漏洞和空隙、新制度的不完备、社会奖惩乏力。

Of villager autonomy system carry out, economic elite of the country enters the political arena of villatic community, become develop a window that area rural area administers.

村民自治制度的实施，农村的经济精英登上村庄社区的政治舞台，成为发达地区农村治理的一个亮点。

Not care a continental, Chinese democracy is not the west democracy, but they have the great contact between them.

毫不讳言，中国的民主政治绝不是西方现有的民主制度，但两者之间有着巨大的联系。

The system of multi - party cooperation annotates the connotation of politics civilization, which has Chinese characteristic and innovation.

多党合作制度诠释政治文明的内涵，有着中国特色与创新，在致力于围绕中心、服务大局方面有着突出的特点。

But in the East, as I have before mentioned, the ruling aristocracies tended to become religious rather than military or political, and gained, therefore, rather than lost in power; while in some instances the physical conformation of Asiatic countries had the effect of making individual communities larger and more numerous than in the West; and it is a known social law that the larger the space over which a particular set of institutions is diffused, the greater is its tenacity and vitality.

但是在东方，像我已在前面说过的，统治的贵族们逐渐倾向于变为宗教的而不是军事的或政治的，并因此不但不失去反而获得了权力；同时，在有些事例中，亚细亚国家的地理构造促使各个社会比西方社会的面积更大，人口更多；根据公认的社会规律，一套特定制度传布的空间越广，它的韧性和活力也越大。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。