政治制度

The subject of the full text builds up and divides six major chapters together: Chapter 1 is the foreword, and has studied the current situation and refined and summarized to value and meaning of the selected title background of the thesis, selected title abroad synthetically; Chapter 2, have carried on science to define to the intension of responsibility and governments relevant concepts of responsibility, have explained that constructs the necessity of the responsibility government and realistic meaning; Chapter 3, ility the intension made of the responsibility has been carried on science solves and constructs, summarize the political function and basic principle of administration asking responsibility system, and the logic relation between administration asking and the responsibility government of the responsibility has been analysed scientifically; Chapter 4, has used the administrations of western countries for reference and administration asking responsibility system and high-ranking official asking system of Hong Kong area of our country and the successful experience, expect to the institutional improvement of the administration asking responsibility system of our country can be beneficial; The whole chapter 5, the current administration asking system of our country that has implemented the state and carried on objective analysis in responsibility system, have pointed out a series of questions and not complete places exposed in institutional improvement, and has carried on network analysis from two visual angles of the traditional political culture ecology and system factor aspect to the reason why the question emerges; Chapter 6, the responsibility system has carried on tentative countermeasure analysis and discussion in perfecting the administration of our country, separately from improving the environment of administration asking responsibility and reinventing the culture of administration asking responsibility, devoting more efforts to asking the responsibility in allosome, strengthen the related institutional improvement of administration asking responsibility system, etc.

全文主体架构共分6大章节：第1章为引言，对论文选题背景、选题价值与意义及国外内研究现状进行了综合提炼与概括；第2章，对责任和责任政府相关概念的内涵进行了科学界定，并阐述了构建责任政府的必要性和现实意义：第3章，对行政问责制的内涵进行了科学解构，概括了行政问责制的政治功能及其基本原则，并对行政问责制与建立责任政府的逻辑关系进行了科学分析；第4章，借鉴了西方国家行政问责制度及我国香港地区高官问责制的成功经验，以期对我国行政问责制度建设能有所裨益；第5章，对我国现行行政问责制度实施状况进行了客观分析，指出了在制度建设过程中暴露出来的一系列问题和不完善之处，并对产生这些问题的原因从传统政治文化生态及制度因素层面两个视角进行了系统分析；第6章，对健全和完善我国行政问责制度进行了尝试性的对策分析与探讨，分别从完善行政问责环境、重塑行政问责文化，加大异体问责的力度，加强行政问责制配套制度建设及行政问责制立法等角度提出了完善的措施和途径。

Author puts forward a new concept about regional administrative action for the first time, and analyzes primary seeking of interest that could be inter factor as choice of act through interest analysis way. The result indicates that the seeking self-concern of local government's officials combine the political interest and economic interest faultlessly. There are contorted regional administrative actions by those seeking in Chinese actual state. In order to limit the seeking self-concern of local government's officials, it is necessary to use institutional balance, the fruition of human political experience and existent kingdom, to rectify the regional administrative of local government from the aspect of perfect system.

本文提出区际行政行为的研究，运用利益分析的方法，通过对作为行为选择内因的主体利益追求进行了深入的分析，认为地方政府官员的自利追求，体现了地方政府所追求的政治收益与经济收益的完美结合，在中国现有的制度环境下，催生了扭曲的区际行政行为，从制度完善入手，运用制度制衡这一人类政治经验与生存智慧的结晶，变功利主义的政府行为模式为契约式的行为模式，在宪政制度的责任政府中培养前瞻式的政府管理新理念，从而促进区际政府间合作，矫正地方政府扭曲的区际行政行为。

The Essay is focused on the new election system of Japanese House of Representatives' to find out the roles of election system in Japan democratic Progress. To perfect the electoral system, Japan had mended its election system of the House of Representatives 14 times since 1889 till 1994. In 1993, some political issues, included the reform of election system, eventually led Prime Minister Miyazawa Kiichi to resign and ended the Liberal Democratic Party' 38-year-old reign, as well as the so-call"55 system（the party system of 1955）".During the past century, Japan has tried small, medium and large sized district systems, currently "First past the post with Proportional Representation System", to constitute a fair and better system which is expected to improve Japan's political environments and make voters trust the politics.

中文摘要本论文系以日本众议院新选举制度为研究之核心，探讨日本在其民主化过程中，选举制度所扮演之角色，日本为让选举制度更臻完善，自一八八九年起至一九九四年止，共计针对其众议院选举制度进行了十四次之修改，甚至於一九九三年，因选举制度等政治议题之改革，导致自由民主党之宫泽喜一内阁下台，结束该党长达三十八年之长期执政，日本政治上所谓「五五体制」亦至此宣告结束，过去百余年来日本先后实施过小选举区制、中选举区制、大选举区制及目前实施之小选举区比例代表并立制，其主要目的系为建构一套更公正、公平、优质之选举制度，让其政治更清明，让选民对政治更有信心。

It is the kern and requirement to increase chances for the citizens to participate in politics in perfecting the socialistic democracy system construction is the basis of the increase in citizens ' participation in politics the major premise is to increase citizens ' awareness of participating the citizenly society is the carrier and stage of the participation .

扩大公民的政治参与是坚持和完善社会主义民主制度的核心内容和必然要求，制度建设是扩大公民政治参与的根本保证；公民意识的提高是扩大公民政治参与的前提；公民社会是扩大公民政治参与的载体和舞台。

In the background dependence of political civilization,from the mercy and bounty of governor to the enjoyment and request of own rights embodies the efforts and struggles of the proletariat in order to constitute the socail assistance legal institutions,which offers the room of political system where the social assistance legal institutions are able to exist and develop and strengthen;In the background dependence of economic system,the simple truth which the economic foundation determines the superstructure exerts its advancing logic concretely and really,where the gap between the poor and the rich will be widened continuely in the condition of market economy,and the dependence on the social assistance legal institutions for the poor will be more rainforced,and the request of rights for social assistance will become intense increasingly;In the background dependence of cultural tradition,the relief ideology such as Great Harmony Society,the ideality of equal wealth and the pursuit of the idea that those who have no kin and cann't support themselves can all be cultivated and so on which goes back to ancient times has been depositted into a luscious cultural tradition and Confucianism allegates implementing the humanity politics and sparkplugs cultivating and compensating people,which results in the thoughts of taking civilian as the foundation that occupy the inrooted station in Chinese culture,and the arrangements of social assistance legal institutions response the continue of renation in Chinese traditional culture;In the background dependence of internationalization,the ideaistic assimilation and the spread of arterial values quicken the speed of civilized fusion,and the social assistance legal institutions should response positively the relative legislative concept and methods which the world has achieved the common understanding on the base of using initialively the legislative experiences in the developed country and the ones where the relative institutions reach a better performance for reference.

政治文明背景依赖方面，由统治者怜悯、恩赐到自己权利的享有和诉求，本身就体现出无产阶级为建立社会救助法律制度所付出的努力和奋斗，因此社会救助法律制度完全具有自己存在、发展和壮大的政治体制空间；经济体制背景依赖方面，经济基础决定上层建筑的朴实真理具体而实在地发挥着自己的演进逻辑，市场经济条件下贫富差距会继续扩大，贫困居民对社会救助法律制度的依赖会进一步加强，其社会救助权诉求也将会变得日益强烈；文化传统背景依赖方面，大同社会、均贫富理想、鳏寡孤独废疾者皆有所养的追求等中国源源流长的救济思想都已经沉淀为一种浓厚的文化传统，儒家思想主张实施仁政，倡导养民、恤民，民本思想在中国文化中占据着根深蒂固的地位，社会救助法律制度安排回应了中国传统文化脉络的延续；国际化背景依赖方面，观念的同化和主流价值观的流播，使文明的互融速度加快，社会救助法律制度需要主动借鉴发达国家以及相关制度具有较好绩效国家的立法经验，积极回应全球已达成共识的社会救助立法理念和方法。

In order to perpetuate this economic exploitation, liberationists argue, the powerful capitalist countries, especially the United States, give military and economic support to secure certain political regimes supportive of the economic status quo.

为了维持这种经济剥削， liberationists认为，强大的资本主义国家，特别是美国提供军事和经济支持，以确保一定的政治制度支持的经济现状。

Some people have said the current political system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is akin to a Frankenstein.

有人形容，波赫的政治制度，就是一个「科学怪人」。

During its early history the Christian church remained independent of any political regime.

在它的早期历史，基督教教会仍然是独立于任何政治制度。

During its early history the Christian church remained independent of any political regime.

在它的早期历史，基督教教会仍然是独立於任何政治制度。

In This 277 years, the Paris Commune in the French revolution in 1871 for the sector, divided into the first period that is, the advanced capitalist countries in Europe and the U.S.

在第一个时期，世界近代史的主要内容是论述资本主义的发生和发展，资本主义经济的发展与资本主义政治制度的确立使社会生产力与生产关系在新的基础上得以相互适应，促进了社会发展。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。