政治制度

He held that the construction of socialist democracy must be linked with that of the socialist legal system.

社会主义政治文明是指在马克思主义理论和社会主义信念的指导下，制定出来的社会主义政治制度，以及贯彻实现社会主义政治制度的政治管理和人们的政治行为的总和。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

International incorrupt government system\'s evaluation systems\'establishment and the development are depended on their political systems and in turnpromotion the advancement of political systems.

世界各国廉政制度评价体系的建立与发展，都是依托于各国政治制度而来，是各国政治体制完善与反腐倡廉进程推进的必然结果，又反过来促进各国反腐倡廉进程的推进与政治体制的完善。

The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is a basic political system of China,and a socialist political party system with Chinese characteristics.

中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度是我国的基本政治制度，是具有中国特色的社会主义政党制度。

Equal consciousness has the fundamental status in the political conscious civilization, but it also play an important part in the constructing of socialistic political civilization . In the political institutional civilization, this paper set forth the issues of the constructing of democratic system, that is, democracy is as important to the constructing of political civilization as the solarism to astronomy. But in the modern society of China, which has the profound tradition of civilianism, what kind of democracy do we need?

平等意识在政治意识文明中具有基础地位，而它对于社会主义政治文明建设具有十分重要的作用；政治制度文明中阐述了民主制度建设的问题，民主对于政治文明建设的重要就象太阳中心说对于天文学一样，然而，在有着深厚民本主义传统的现代中国社会，我们究竟需要怎样的民主？

The ideologists studied the theory of modern constitution and polity, condemned the autarchic system, and suggested various ideas in reforming the unreasonable political system. The ideas included political reformation approaches and political structure reformation directions.

思想家们对近代国体、政体等理论进行了研究，谴责和否定了专制政治制度，提出了改革不合理的政治制度的各类思想，包括政治改革步骤和政治体制改革方向的不同主张。

The former leads to claustral psychology and the latter impels the men of letters to change their understanding of landscape and idyll to form in its real meaning. mode of life ; claustral ; metaphysics ; aesthetics

一、封建政治经济制度影响下形成的特定生活模式，促使晋宋士大夫文人对山水田园产生强烈的依恋，诱发山水田园诗的形成中国封建社会的政治制度是君主集权的独裁统治，它所带来的君主迫害、政治斗争、官场倾轧常使士大夫们对自己身

The chapter four studies the today's meaning from the economy ethics of the West Han Dynasty, dualistically analyses the functions of economy managed by privates on governments, and researches into the relations between the economy ethical and political systems from the views of economy and political systems, concluding the necessary oiling rotations between economy ethics and ideology.

第四章主要从经济制度、政治制度和意识形态方面论述了西汉经济伦理思想的当代意义，辩证分析了官营经济和民营经济的作用，探讨了经济伦理与政治制度之间的相互关系，得出了经济伦理与意识形态和谐共处的结论。

Lately China walks through for several decades of the road is more a turns and twist, the housing system is one of economic system for miniatured, housing system of reformed a full body now the reform of the economic system, but the econ- omic system with the political system again very airtight .

新中国几十年来走过的路是比较曲折的，住房制度是经济制度的一个缩影，住房制度的改革充分体现了经济制度的改革，而经济制度又与当时的政治制度有着非常密切的关系。

In the level of material system, as the main body of writing, literary workers possessed the "organization" problem, which is undoubtedly an outstanding historic phenomenon during the course of the practice of the Seventeen-year Literature.

广义的政治文化分三个层面，一则为政治制度层面，一则为政治思想层面，再则为政治心理包括政治信仰、政治价值等层面。17年政治文化在这三个层面全面地影响着新中国建国后17年的文学。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。