政治军事的

The author firstly combs the teachers sources of Shuyuan in Ming and Qing dynasties, points out that there are four main sources for it, and concludes that making full use of social resources is a valid path to solve the problem of teachers sources then.Secondly, the present research consults Shuyuan teachers employment way in Ming and Qing dynasties, combs its three ways and deeply inquires into the subjective and objective condition for them.Thirdly, the present research analyses Shuyuan teaching characteristics, management and promotion, sums up seven main teaching characteristics and analyses the advantage and disadvantage of them,Further more , the present research consults Shuyuan teachers management and promotion, makes an analysis on its historic courses why it"s informal.Finally, the present research analyses the Shuyuan teachers" economic treatment, social status and the influence and effect made to the politics, economy, military, social life and cultural education where they were situated in Ming and Qing dynasties, and concludes that the Shuyuan teachers in Ming and Qing dynasties actively participated in the local social activities in their peculiar upper class gentlemanship and greatly influenced and promoted the policy making and carrying out of the local public affairs, meanwhile, they promoted the communication and development of local learning and culture , and trained quite many men for profession for the locals.

作者首先对明清时期书院教师的来源进行了梳理，指出了明清书院教师的四种主要来源，认为充分利用社会资源是明清书院解决教师来源的有效途径；其次，对明清时期书院教师的聘用方式进行了历史考察，梳理出明清时期书院存在着三种教师聘用方式，深入探讨了这三种方式并存的主客观条件；再次，对明清时期书院教师的教学特点进行了分析，归纳出七个主要教学特点，并说明其利弊；此外，探讨了明清时期书院教师的管理及升迁问题，分析了其存在的不规范性的历史原因；最后，剖析了明清时期书院教师的经济待遇、社会地位及对书院所在地的政治、经济、军事及社会生活与文化教育所可能产生的作用与影响，得出明清书院教师以自己特有的上层绅士身份与地位积极地参与到当地社会生活之中，并在相当程度上影响与促进了地方公共事务的决策与实施；同时，他们促进了当地学术及文化的交流与发展，为当地培养出了大批的杰出人才。

The paper consists of following contents:(1)starting with a historicalreview of the use-of-force,this paper reveals a paradoxical evolvementof the two trends in use-of-force,compares the absolutization andinfinity with controllability and finity of the use-of-force,and clarifiesnew characteristics of the use-of-force in post-Cold War era;(2)bysystematically analyzing the era background from the viewpoints ofeconomic globalization,political multipole,military high tech,national separatism and the hegemonism,the paper clarifies factorslimiting and stimulating the use-of-force;(3)by analyzing the lawbackground mainly from the viewpoint of international laws,the paperespecially centralizes the discussion on restrictions made by moderninternational laws on the use-of-force and their limits,dissects thechallenges brought up by the high tech war to international laws;(4)the use-of-force by UN and other regional international organization;(5)refuting the theory of"humanitarian intervention"advocated bythe USA and certain western countries,the paper expatiates the rightrelations between human rights and sovereignty,and demonstrates therightness of the sovereignties and UN;(6)the basic guidelines of theuse-of-force in the post-Cold War era.

分别从经济全球化、政治多极化、军事高技术化以及民族分离主义的泛滥、霸权主义的恶性膨胀等方面系统分析冷战后武力使用的时代背景，揭示出冷战后时代同时存在的限制、约束武力使用的因素，以及诱发、刺激武力使用的因素。（3）主要从国际法的角度分析武力使用的法律背景，着重探讨现代国际法对武力使用的规范和制约作用以及这种作用的有限性，同时剖析现代高技术战争对国际法提出的挑战。（4）主要探讨联合国以及区域性国际组织在冷战后使用武力的实践以及存在的问题。（5）驳斥以美国为首的某些西方国家所鼓吹的&人道主义干涉&论，阐述人权与主权的正确关系，论证主权国家和联合国并没有过时，不能用非人道手段解决人道主义问题。（6）系统提出了冷战后国家间使用武力应遵守的基本准则。

In the common market, the non-tax trade barrier almost gulfed the fruits of the Customs Union with the protection of nationalism, which is the major cause for integration stagnation from 70s to 80s in the 20th century. As a conception objectionable to the Great European Goal, nationalism hindered the rapid development of integration in its initiative phase, thus changing the concrete form and nature of integration to a considerable extent.

欧洲防务共同体作为一项军事联合的尝试，必然会推动欧洲政治联合发展，它失败的主要原因是法国民族主义的复兴；戴高乐希望欧洲联合走上不同于超国家主义道路的国家间主义道路，不惜用撤离法国代表的极端方式来达到目标；共同市场中的非关税壁垒在民族保护主义的荫庇下几近吞噬关税同盟的成果，是造成20世纪70年代至80年代一体化发展停滞的重要原因。

These two views, the mercantile and the political-idealistic one, to which was added the European conflictual perception on America's military initiatives in the Middle East, were to show how much Europe's real future still remains an open ended debate making any modelisation of the European example in

从商业及理想政治的观点看美国军事介入中东事务的一事上，欧盟内部出现不同的冲突，欧洲整合中所产生冲突的过程，可借镜於世界上其他也有冲突的区域。以台海两岸的冲突为例，欧洲整合的模式，可以是个危险但是值得尝试的做法。

Well, there was once a great Soviet agronomist named Trofim Lysenko who had demonstrated that "environmental pressure" can effect eugenic changes (as that in the classical genetics of Gregor Mendel, 1822-1884) like the sowing of winter wheat in spring by first soaking the seeds in warm water and burying them in the snow for the winter for sowing in the spring, all to achieve a better crop and a 25% higher-yield harvest from season to season.

话前苏联有一个伟大的农学家名新科(主新科学的意思，原名 Trofim Lysenko)，发现孟德尔(Gregor Johann Mendel， 1822-1884)的古典遗传学是一翻废话，而〝环境压〞可快速达到基因的改造，如冬麦的春化，将冬麦的种籽用温水泡后，储於冰雪下过冬，春播的冬麦在秋割时即会丰收，但比春麦多收25％，而且基因即会优化，代接一代，成为种，这就是社会主义天堂的春化科学，应用於几乎整个天堂社会﹕包括教育、医学、政治宣传、军事等等。

Well, there was once a great Soviet agronomist named Trofim Lysenko who had demonstrated that "environmental pressure" can effect eugenic changes (as that in the classical genetics of Gregor Mendel, 1822-1884) like the sowing of winter wheat in spring by first soaking the seeds in warm water and burying them in the snow for the winter for sowing in the spring, all to achieve a better crop and a 25% higher-yield harvest from season to season.

话前苏联有一个伟大的农学家名新科(主学的意思，原名 Trofim Lysenko)，发现孟德尔(Gregor Johann Mendel， 1822-1884)的古典遗传学是一翻废话，而〝环境压〞可快速达到基因的改造，如冬麦的春化，将冬麦的种籽用温水泡后，储於冰雪下过冬，春播的冬麦在秋割时即会丰收，但比春麦多收 25％，而且基因即会优化，代接一代，成为种，这就是社会主义天堂的春化科学，应用於几乎整个天堂社会﹕包括教育、医学、政治宣传、军事等等。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。