政治体系

Researches on the development of the political civilization, the appearance and the main rules of the international system in the Huaxia regional historical world of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, will be very helpful to our understanding of the origins and the characters of the East Asia international system, which was formed around ancient China and now is usually called the East Asia Enfeoffment and Tribute System, and will provide useful political experience for the construction and study of the contemporary international relations at this globalization time.

对于夏、商、周三代时期华夏区域历史世界政治文明的发展、国际体系的形成及其规则开展研究，有助于认识和了解后来以中国为中心所形成的东亚国际体系——"东亚封贡体系"的起源与特点，并为全球化时代国际关系的建设与研究提供具有东亚特色的政治遗产。

The whole paper introduces traditional Chinese medical system, the foundation and development of national medical system and local medical system in AnBa, I try to formulate the medical pluralism in AnBa from micro cultural and macro political and economical perspective. The theoretical method I choose in my paper is the political and economical view of critical medical anthropology.

本文应用批评人类学的政治、经济学观点，通过对中国传统医学体系、国家医学体系的发展和建立，以及庵坝地方性医学知识体系的介绍，从微观文化和宏观政治、经济两个层面，对庵坝医学多元主义进行阐述和说明。

The social level structure is defined from its basic conception, in-depth meaning and characteristics. The term refers to a functional being and social reality, a unity of physical space and value space as well as connectional and theoretical existence. Viewed from the perspective of political philosophy, the social level structure is a political sovereignty grading or ladder in a state who values the supremacy of sovereignty, penetrating into economic, cultural and social fields, universally forming social relationship. Based on general social structure, social system and political sovereignty, the social level structure is an abstractly summary of social hierarchy which is neither a copy of political structure nor simply addition of economic, cultural and social structure. The social level structure is long hidden but universally existing, deeply affecting and shaping social system, people's life and thinking. Based on the above, the thesis probes the social foundation, evolutional law, fundamental quality, running mechanism, historical function, current significant and the reform necessity.

从社会层级结构概念的基本规定、深层意蕴和性状表现三个方面界定社会层级结构概念，认为社会层级结构既是一种实体性存在和社会现实，也是一种观念性存在和理论构造，是物理空间和意义空间的统一；从政治哲学视野，社会层级结构是在政治国家内部按照权力至上的方式形成的权力级别或权力阶梯，并渗透到经济、文化、社会领域，形成具有普遍性的社会关系体系；它以总体社会结构为依托，以社会制度为外化，以政治权力为中轴；它既不是政治结构的翻版，不是社会阶层结构的别名，也不是经济、文化、社会结构的简单叠加，而是对它们层级性的一种抽象和概括；这种结构长期隐而不显，但却无处不在、无时不有，深深地影响和牢牢地控制着社会制度、人的生活和人的思维方式。

While no doubt such political strength can be set back in given localities through political counteroffensives of capitalist groups, it is also true that the long-run "democratization" of the political machineries throughout the history of the modern world-system have served to make the curveof the political strength of the working classes an upward one over the longue durée in virtually all states in the world-system.

虽然这种政治势力在特定地域里，无疑会遭受资本家集团的政治反击而撤退，但是现代世界体系的整个历史里，政治机构的长期「民主化」，确实让劳工阶级的政治势力曲线，在世界体系的几乎所有国家里，就长期而言都在上升。

Easy to find that Dongs entire philosophy theory served for politics and the political philosophy is the center of his theory if one sort it out and analyze it painstakingly.

董仲舒的儒家哲学体系虽然庞大繁杂，但如果认真梳理、分析，就不难发现他的整个哲学理论都是为政治服务的，政治哲学是他哲学体系的中心。

Google, a company whose DNA dictates that it "do no harm," is particularly well-cast in the role of defender of western values of freedom of expression and open access to information against a Chinese system that brooks no political dissent and reserves the right to forcibly prevent certain types of information ranging from political expression to porn.

受着&无害&这一传统支配的谷歌公司尤其突出的完美扮演了捍卫了言论自由的西方价值观的卫道士这一角色，同时将那些与中国式体系相违背的信息公诸于众。中国式体系的特点是：不能容忍政治异议，保留对从政治见解到色情文化等一系列信息的封杀权。

The macro-analysis shows that the causes of the crisis relate closely with the unbalance economy development, unfinished political reforms, and the unsteady cultural and moral systems in China while the micro-analysis proves that there still exist "vacuum spaces" of management in ideology, systems, subjects and mechanisms.

其诱因在宏观层面上与经济、政治、文化紧密相关，具体表现在经济发展具有不均衡性、政治体制改革有待深化和传统道德文化体系的失稳上；在微观治理方面，则存在着缺陷甚至于&治理真空&，主要表现在意识、体系、主体、体制与机制等方面。

They have been raised in a political system which is much more close to that of the western world.

我觉得这跟他们所受的政治体系影响是无关的。

Radically, they want to decentralise the top-heavy system in which local politicians are in thrall to Tokyo's pork providers; they think the main parties should campaign on coherent manifestos ; and they are urging ordinary Japanese, who do not readily bother their heads about such things, to reflect on the folly of voting for politicians who smother their districts in unused highways and bridges that lead nowhere—the visible blight of failed politics.

他们激进地认为头重脚轻的政治体系应该下放权力，因为地方政客已经沦为东京权贵们的走狗；他们希望主要政党应该有份条理清晰的竞选声明；他们甚至还敦促日本老百姓就给那些政客投票进行反省，虽说日本老百姓不会找这样的麻烦。由于那些政客政绩拙劣，日本市区变得拥挤不堪，到处都是废弃不用的高速公路和桥—这也许就是日本政界失败的见证。

N\nEgypt was one part of that empire, and by anyone's standards it is an ancient land. It is now ruled by Greek Pharaohs, the descendants of Ptolemy I, one of Alexander's able generals. The Ptolemaic dynasty adjusted rapidly to Egyptian ways and adopted the royal ways of the Pharaohs - including divine status and marriage between the Pharaoh and his sister in each generation.

n\n埃及曾经是这个帝国的一部分，从任何人的角度来看这也是一块历史悠久的土地，它现在被托勒密的继承人亚历山大最有能力的将军之一的希腊法老所统治，托勒密王朝迅速调整埃及的政治体系，采取宫廷独裁—包括每一代法老王和他姐妹间的地位以及婚姻。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。