政治体系

Based on the importance of culture in the operation of the institution,the papers will analyze history and nonce on the cultural atmosphere of our political institution's operation,to find the problems and solutions.

而文化作为在经济、政治、民主习惯、地域环境、宗教信仰与历史长期积淀基础上形成的一种观念体系，是社会系统在观念上和心理上形成的对行为的特定价值取向模式。

The people's congress should start with commitment, norm and law, which form the basic parts of the political legitimacy, use various ways to enhance the importance of the main body's status, then on the basis of that, perfect the accountability system for administration with the basic value of democracy and responsibility in China step by step, and carry out the unification of the administrative democracy and the democratic administration at last.

人大应该从承诺，规范，法律这三个政治合法性的基本组成部分出发运用多种方式强化其问责主体的地位，在此基础上逐步完善以民主和责任为基本价值的中国行政问责制体系，最终实现行政民主和民主行政的统一。

Since the Modern Age, the rising of Europe which has brought about extremely deep influence on historical progress of world, overwhelmingly drew the most other regions and nations in the world into the onrush of modernization, and gradually became to take Europe as the center of new politics and economic system of world, As a result, Europe standed erect in the center of world's satge over centuries.

近代以来，欧洲的崛起对世界历史进程产生了极为深刻的影响，它将世界其他绝大部分的地区和国家卷入到了现代化的洪流之中，并逐步形成了以欧洲为中心，新的世界政治、经济体系，欧洲也由此长期屹立于世界舞台的中央。

From the pursuing of the"democratic island"in central Asian to the occuring of"Tulip Revolution",and from the believing inwestern democracy to centralized regime.from the blindfold imitation of exoticcivilization to relapsation into the circle of"democratic-authoritical"as the useless ofmany kinds of systems,and from too much modification in law to the uncertainingabout"presidentialism"and"parliamentarism"to cause a weak regime and so on.

由中亚"民主岛"的狂热追求到"郁金香革命"的骤然发生，由奉西方自由民主制度为圭臬到集权政体的回归，由对外来文明的盲从模仿到因制度"叠合"的无效性而陷入"民主——专制"的怪圈，由多次修宪到至今尚未厘清"总统制"与"议会制"而塑造了一个模糊不清的脆弱的政权体系，凡此等等，像吉尔吉斯斯坦这样政治转型所表现出的大起大落、摇摆不定等现象在后苏联转型国家中并不多见。

Deng Xiaoping's economy is academic, form the core content of system of socialistic plutonomy theory.

邓小平的经济理论，构成社会主义政治经济学理论体系的核心内容。

In the'conclusions', this dissertation emphasizes on the characteristics of the English abroad colonial expansion in the period of the formation of the nation-state. The further conclusions of the paper are as the following. The national spirit transfers to a strong force of promoting the English to go and expand abroad. Their aims are to deny the supreme popish authority, and to challenge the monopoly privilege of Spain and Portugal in the course of the abroad colonial expansion. They intend to break up the old system, of which the universalism of the'Christendom'is the foundation, and to strive for the English right of independence, liberty, and equality in the world.

在"结语"部分，本文着重分析了民族国家形成时期英国海外殖民扩张的若干特点，指出民族主义精神已经转变成一种推动英国人海外殖民扩张向前发展的强大力量，他们的目的就是要否认中世纪以来所谓至尊不二的教皇权威，挑战葡萄牙和西班牙两国在海外殖民扩张中独享的垄断地位，打破以"基督教大世界"普世主义原则为基础的旧世界体系，争取英格兰民族国家在国际舞台中应当享有的独立、自由和平等的政治地位。

In this process, he not only inherits and develops legal positivism but also constructs a huge political philosophy system.

在这一过程中，他不仅继承和发展了法律实证主义理论，而且构建了庞大的政治哲学体系。

This system, termed the "Principate," was far from flawless, but it provided the Roman Empire with a series of rulers who presided over the longest period of unity, peace, and prosperity that Western Europe, the Middle East and the North African seaboard have known in their entire recorded history.

这个被称做"元首政治"的体系，虽远不是完美无缺，但它为罗马帝国提供了一批统治者，他们主持了这个团结，和平，繁荣的漫长朝代，使西欧，中东，以及北非沿海地区因完整的历史记载而为人所知。

Through their consolidation and refinement,Xiang opera moved toward three major directions: to an art-intrinsic genre of widely recognized cultural significance;to a popular form representing a distinctive regional culture;and to a useful vehicle serving for nationalist narrative and political propagandism.

湘剧逐渐被建构为一个明晰的、具有独立价值的艺术体系，一个表征地域传统和省籍意识的文化形式，同时也是一个服从于民族主义叙事与政治宣传的有效工具。

The former world chess champion seems an unlikely rabble-rouser. But since giving up chess in 2005 to devote himself to overthrowing what he calls the authoritarian system of President Vladimir Putin, Mr Kasparov has emerged – perhaps not surprisingly – as an effective political tactician.

这位前国际象棋冠军看起来不象是带头闹事的人，但自从2005年退出棋坛后，他便投身于推翻普京总统领导下的极权体系的斗争之中去了，而卡斯帕罗夫胜也以一位卓有成效的政治战术家的身份崛起--这一点也许毫不出奇。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。