政治上的

Jean Bodin (1530-1596) is the political theorist in the sixteenth century. His contribution to the political thought is focused on his theory of state, especially on his theory of sovereignty. In this treatise, the author tries to explain his theory of state systematically, based on the former study. It will include the origin of state, conception of state, end of state, theory of sovereignty and so on .

16世纪法国政治思想家让·布丹（Jean Bodin 1530－1596）在西方政治思想史上的贡献主要集中在他的国家理论，尤其是他的国家主权理论中，本文则试图在总结前人研究成果的基础上，系统论述布丹的国家理论，包括国家的起源、国家的目的、国家主权理论和政体理论等，使其国家理论更加完整，并客观评价他在西方政治思想史上的地位。

Although the classical theory of constitutionalism and the modern theory hold conflicting views as to the extent of authority of the limited government, both attach importance to the demarcation of political powers by the constitutionalist system and political powers ' conforming to these divisions, which endues political powers with legitimacy in its operation.

尽管古典宪政理论和新宪政理论在有限政府的权限范围上的观点有所不同，但是二者都强调宪政制度对政治权力界定以及政治权力对这些界定的遵从，这将赋予政治权力以具体运作上的合法性。

The kaiserdom form, behavior norm and function of this system were new democratic.

本文认为，从 1952 年底开始，新民主主义政治体制开始向社会主义政治体制转型，这是新中国历史上的第一次政治体制改革，它奠定了当代中国政治体制的重要基础。

History is growing on the historical activities.The development of history prompts the prosperousness of history.The historian who is not compatible with history apparently has the political complexity of history.The cultural history which is commended by people and is opposite to history of politics paysatlention to the foreign history,social life history and the demotic history of lower class.

因为史学是在政治生活中生长的；政治的发展激励着史学的昌盛；史学史上那些表面不容于政治的史学家政治情结更浓；被人们所称道似乎与政治史对立的文化史关注域外史、社会生活史和下层人民史，实际上是现代政治权力的扩张。

Therefore,to regard political culture aspolitical subjective quality,which is different from political theory,will breakthrough the traditionary ideas.

因此，把"政治文化"看成是政治主体素质，使其与政治思想理论区别开来，是"政治文化"研究上的理论突破。

In the 1980s,developing countries realized the transition of politics one by one.The study on political development and political transition became the hot issue again. In the early 1990s,Russia began its political transition under delegative democracy which came from its political historical background and actual situation.

20世纪80年代，发展中国家相继实现了民主政治转型，政治发展、政治转型研究再度成为政治学界的热门课题。90年代初，俄罗斯走上了政治转型道路，特殊的历史背景和现实环境使之形成了独特的政治转型模式。

Of course,the basisfor international cooperation is still the power of a nation.Coordination of nationalinterests by IOs is only a kind of non-compulsory action based upon free will,and itcan only take effects within its limits.And that is the reason IOs play active roles ineconomic,social,and other"low politics"issues,while their roles are restricted inmilitary,security,and other"high politics"issues.

当然，国际合作的基础仍然是国家实力，国际组织中国家利益的协调基本上只是一种自愿基础上的非强制行为，只能在一定范围内发挥功效，这就是国际组织在那些未涉及到国家根本利益的经济、社会等&低级政治&问题上表现非常活跃，而在传统的政治、军事安全等&高级政治&问题上受到更多限制的根源。

China enters landlord economy feudal society, because want to break through rural commune,be --, the "nine squares" system --, manacle to what productivity develops, unite the world to be chance with business Yang political reform of Qin Guo and the Qin Dynasty consequently, in economically useless Jing Tian, open crisscross footpaths between fields, land civilian be able to buying and selling, change seigniorial economy is landlord economy, in political abandon county of county of feudal, buy, change aristocratic politics is bureaucratic politics.

中国进入地主经济封建社会，是由于要突破农村公社———井田制———对生产力发展的束缚，因而以秦国的商鞅变法和秦统一天下为契机，在经济上废井田、开阡陌、土地民得以买卖，变领主经济为地主经济，在政治上废封建、置郡县，变贵族政治为官僚政治。

So, JiangZe-min as a deputizing for the Communist Party of China Third Leading Group is exploring how to build socialist democratic and political construction of characteristics of the China and according with the condition of China on base of the Communist Party of China Second Leading Group.

因此，以江泽民为代表的中共第三代领导集体在中共第二代领导集体进行民主政治建设的基础上，更进一步地探索如何建设有中国特色的符合中国具体国情的社会主义民主政治，提出了&依法治国&的基本思路和基本国策，并提出了用&三个代表&重要思想为指导来加强党内的民主建设，具体地制定和实施了许多加强和改进民主政治建设的措施，从而把有中国特色的社会主义民主政治建设事业推上了新的阶段。

To a great extent, political communication influents the forming of policy operation of political system, merger of political culture and steady politics.

政治沟通在很大程度上影响着政治决策的形成、政治系统的运行、政治文化的整合和政治稳定。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。