政治上

From about 550 to 630, the Khazars were ruled by the K?k Turks. They gradually got away from the Western Turkish Empire after the middle of the 7th century and successfully established an independent country. In the early 8th centuries, the Khazars became a formidable political power through outward expansion activities, and finally established a hugeous empire in the southern Russian steppe on the foudation of the Western Turkish Empire's home land.

大约在550年至630年间，哈扎尔人仍处在西突厥帝国的统治之下。7世纪中期以后，他们逐渐摆脱西突厥帝国的统治，建立起自己独立的国家。8世纪初期，哈扎尔人在继承西突厥帝国故地的基础上，通过一系列的对外扩张活动，逐渐发展成为一股强大的政治力量，最终在南俄草原上建立起一个庞大的帝国。

Nowadays there still exist some factors, which affect the effectiveness of intergovernmental tax competition in China.

政府间税收竞争的一般效应是一种普遍意义上的社会经济效应，不因国家政治经济制度的差异而存在显著的不同：政府间税收竞争的特殊效应是一种特殊意义上的社会经济效应，体现为对制度演化的促进作用。

"This is a new problem for China, which is now fighting on two fronts in its foreign policy on this issue," said Jean-Pierre Cabestan, head of government and international studies at Hong Kong Baptist University.

&这对中国来说是一个新问题，中国在这个问题上，在外交政策方面正在两条战线上作战，&香港浸会大学政治及国际关系学系主任高敬文表示。

According to the general principles of constitutionalism, legislation, administration and judicature have different properties in public law and different features in the degree of openness and activity. To really realize governance by law, flexible choices should be made between formal positivism and formal passivism according to the different properties and features of legislation, administration and judicature, which altogether depends on the CCP's putting itself in a modest position. Only in this way can the ultimate conception of the harmonious combination of political and legal values of governance by law come into reality.

从宪政的一般原理上看，立法、行政与司法在公法上具有不同的性质，并且在开放性、能动性等方面具有不同的特性，要真正实现依法执政就必须依照立法、行政与司法的不同性质与特点在形式积极主义与形式消极主义间进行灵活选择，而这一切端赖于中国共产党的自我谦抑立场，如此方可实现将依法执政的政治价值与法治价值这两种不同的价值目标进行和谐统合的终极构想。

Up to a new level . First of all, the essay demonstrates the present condition of China" s opening - up and why it is necessary to expedite the development strategy of "Going out on this new stage. This is done by the analysis, on the basis of the plutonomic theory of Marxism, of some dissertations of the opening ? up by those famous writers on Marxism and of the demonstrations of foreign investments by some developed countries and districts.

本论文运用马克思主义政治经济学原理，通过对马克思主义经典作家对对外开放的论述的理论分析及对世界上部分发达国家和地区对外投资的实证分析，从经济发展的规律上对我国对外开放新阶段必须实施&走出去&发展战略的原因和现状进行论证。

Western Tibet, which remained to a large extent politically and culturally independent from Central Tibet until the 15th century, preserves an independent– though not homogeneous in itself–tradition of textual transmission, which is–at least partly–represented in the manuscript Kanjurs of Stog, Shelkar and Phudrag.

西藏西部直到十五世纪的时候，在政治和文化上都在很大程度上与藏中保持着相对独立性，保存着独立的佛经传承，这至少部分地在朵、谢噶尔和普扎等地的《甘珠尔》中有所表现。

For instance, Takao Toshikawa, a political insider, suggests that Mr Ozawa could challenge and replace Mr Hatoyama, call a snap election and then step down as prime minister to run from behind the scenes the kind of "grand coalition", including with disaffected ex-LDPers, that he attempted once before, in effect creating a new LDP in his own mould.

例如，政治评论家岁川隆雄认为，小泽可以挑战鸠山的首相一职并取而代之，然后提前进行大选，再从首相任上辞职，原本暗中进行的&大联合政府&构想就能浮上台面：就像他曾经试图的那样，联合那些内心不满的前自民党人士，建立一个基于小泽一郎意志的新自民党。

While it's unarguable that some business people have made brilliant careers out of a narrow specialty or one great idea, in general, successful managers are also cultivated people. This means that they write well, speak well, and maintain a broad range of interests both within and outside their fields. A broad range of interests in national and international affairs, history, science, and the arts not only gives you something to talk about at the next office party, but also helps you grow as a whole person.

不过，无可争议的是一些商务人士跳出了单一的专业领域和单一的思路，在职业上做得非常出色，总的来说，他们也都是很有教养的人，这意味着他们有良好的写作能力，语言能力，以及在专业领域内外都保持广泛的兴趣，对国内外政治、历史、科学和艺术方面的广泛兴趣，不仅给你提供了下一次办公室聚会上的良好谈资，同时也帮你成为一个完整的人。

Different parts of the society are in a certain condition and they disintegrated.

也就是说，整个社会是分裂的（不是政治意义上的，而是在社会的意义上）。

At that time, not only the society and economy developed rapidly in all regions, but also political and military conflicts broke out among five hegemonies and seven major states.

在这个时代，各大地区的社会经济先后迅速发展，政治军事上出现了五霸七雄之争，文化上则由于出现广大士人阶层，他们顺应社会历史巨变，纷纷提出自己的救世主张，形成以儒、法、道、墨为代表的百家争鸣，显示着中华民族学术思想文化空前的生机和活力，为后世学者们所仰慕，引起持久的憧憬和热烈研究的兴趣。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。