政治上

The constitutionalism is based on a public sphere with negative law as rule, so that it transforms the allocation of the modern political value logically, i.e. traditionally ,only the reasonable value is legitimate, whereas in the constitutionalism, only the legitimate value is reasonable. In other words, it has changed the standard of value from the former positive logic, based on the moralization of human nature, to the negative one, based on the legalization of human nature. Rawls and Hayek demonstrate this logic conversion from different ways separately.

由于宪政的法律制度预设的乃是一个否定性的以法律为尺规的公共领域，因此就把近现代有关政治价值的定位从逻辑上进行了一番改造，即传统政治价值形态那里所表述的是，只有合理的价值才是合法的，而宪政的法律制度则反过来表述为，只有合法的价值才是合理的，或者说，它把价值标准从过去那种以人的本性的道义化为基础的肯定性逻辑，转变为以人的本性的合法性为基础的否定性逻辑。

T he division of private law and public law is also formed in the field of law.

随着社会的发展，传统的关于市民社会与政治国家截然分开的理论受到挑战，政治国家与市民社会日渐融合，经济法的出现是这种趋势在法律上的体现之一。

In history, North and South Dynasty have tumultuous politics and refulgent culture.

南北朝是中国历史上政治比较纷乱，文化比较繁杂的一个时期，寻求政治统一和文化融合一直是这一时期历史发展的一大趋势。

Based on the comprehensive researchof fundamental geopolitical theories,the dissertation reveals a dichonomic structure--the most important content and characteristic of geopolitics——influenceinternational relations with some disciplines by special modes;fourthly,with the logicof dichonomy,the dissertation analyses and researches the geopolitical position andstrategies of China,as one of the most important powers in the Rimland.

地缘政治学的基本理论不过对此作出了理论上的反馈；4、以二分论的理论逻辑，分析和研究了作为边缘地带最重要的大国之一、而又必须处理好海陆关系的中国的地缘政治地位和地缘政治战略，提出了要从地缘位置的一分为二到地缘选择的合二而一，对中国的地缘战略进行新的定位。应该指出的是，虽然本文追述了西方地缘政治学的一些基本理论和观点，但是本文的基本概念、主要观点、研究角度、逻辑论证和最后结论都是作者本人提出的。

The whole thesis is divided into nine chapters, its first six chapters focus on the analyses of terrorism, then the last three chapters turn to studying a new thinking of international cooperation against terrorism On the analyses of the part of terrorism with the first three chapters, I define terrorism as follows: Terrorism is a kind of action or thought in which it is the intentional use of, or threat to use ruleless violence or technical methods against civilians or against civilian targets, in order to attain political aims. What differs from other scholars' definitions is that the definition proposed states that terrorism is not only a political violence, but also a social trend of thought.

在前六章的对"恐怖主义"的分析上，本文提出了有别于他人的恐怖主义定义："使用或主张使用无规则的暴力或技术手段，或是袭击平民和或是袭击公用设施，以图达到政治目的的一种行为与社会思潮"，认定恐怖主义不仅是一种政治暴力行为，更是一种社会思潮；还对自杀性恐怖主义、恐怖主义的类型和划分、恐怖主义的历史与发展历程、恐怖主义形成的机理及理论解释等论题进行了较系统的理论探索，分析了伊斯兰原教旨主义与恐怖主义的关系；而且，还根据论文作者本人在国外调研掌握到的大量翔实的第一手资料，揭示了境外"东突"恐怖分子是"国际恐怖主义的一部分"的本来面目，并分析和预测了它们未来的发展趋势，提出了中国反对东突恐怖势力的若干建议。

Be written below direct leader and publish in Sidalin " plutonomy schoolbook ", it is text book of the first real broad sense plutonomy.

在斯大林直接领导下编写和出版的《政治经济学教科书》，是世界上第一本真正的广义政治经济学教科书。

Liu Yin's inheritance to and practice of Tao Yuanming's poetic style, and his harmonious morality and escaping from political affairs into an seclusive culture has been playing a dynamic role in both politic...

刘因对陶诗风格的承传与实践，和谐的伦理道德观，及其刻意从内心回避政治的隐逸姿态，在元代政治文化和文学史上都具有深刻的典型意义。

Imagine for a moment that Greece was an EU candidate country, rather than a full member of both the union and of the euro zone. To judge by the way Turkey has been treated in recent years, Brussels would be demanding not only a leaner public sector but a different political system: for example, secularisation of church-state relations, greater minority rights or a climbdown on issues such as the names the country calls its neighbours.

想象一下，希腊是一个欧盟和欧元区的观察员而非正式成员，从土耳其的近年的经历来看，布鲁塞尔方面的要求不仅限于有倾斜的政治取向，它们很可能要求建立一个新的政治体系：比如，在政教关系方面要求做到彻底分离，更广泛的少数派权利和在它对邻国称呼等问题上的让步。

Han Fei is against the moral political views. He considered that the purpose of politics was to strive for the mightiness of the nation, and to stick up for the power of the seignior.

韩非反对道德主义的政治现，认为政治的目的不是追求道德上的良善，而是争取国力强盛，维护君主的权势。

Self-education, Which has the important position in the history of human thought education.

自我教育在古往今来的人类思想教育历史上具有重要的地位，是人类思想政治教育行之有效的方法，高校思想政治教育实效性的提高就需要借鉴和利用这种教育方法。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。