政治上

To neglect the field of political thought, because its unstable subject matter, with its blurred edges, is not to be caught by the fixed concepts, abstract models, and fine instruments suitable to logic or to linguistic analysis--to demand a unity of method in philosophy, and reject whatever the method cannot successfully manage--is merely to allow oneself to remain at the mercy of primitive and uncriticized political beliefs.

如果我们认为：政治思想由于缺乏稳定的素材，界限不够清楚，无法用定型的概念、抽象的模式、或其他适用于逻辑或语言分析的精妙工具，来加以处理，因此就径自忽略了政治思想，也就是说，只在哲学上追求一种&方法的统一&，从而拒绝所有无法用这个方法加以处理的素材，那么，我们就等于是自暴自弃，放任一些原始幼稚的、未经批判的政治信仰，左右了我们的生活。

Concerting on this question, this text is probing into the main aspects of the function of ideological and political education in anti-corruption, and concerning the new situation of the anti-corruption struggle, the efficient way to explore the function of ideological and political education in anti-corruption.

本文就这一课题进行了比较深入的研究，全面地论述了思想政治教育反腐败功能的主要表现，并对思想政治教育反腐败功能的发挥进行了历史的考察。在总结历史经验的基础上，针对现阶段反腐败斗争的新形势，着重就如何发挥思想政治教育的反腐败功能作了比较深入的探讨，提出了具体的对策和建议。

My dissertation points out that despite the politicalprejudice,Aron,by fighting against Left intellectuals' political fanaticism and defensing thepolitical reason,can help us understand true Marxism.

本文指出，尽管存在政治偏见，但是阿隆反对左派知识分子政治狂热，从而维护了政治理性，客观上有助于对马克思主义的正确理解。

The chapter three is based on the above-mentioned two chapters. In it the author take a farther analyze on obstacle factors and think the deeply reasons for handicapping Japanese politic development are come from The Liberation Democratic Party himself, the "realism" is the root which make it difficult to change his conservative position.

第三章在前两章论述的基础上，进一步对自民党改革的深层阻力做出了一些分析，认为阻碍日本政治发展的深层原因在于长期主导日本政治的自民党自身，日本政治文化中的&现实主义&是自民党保守立场难以转变的根源所在。

This does not mean popular culture face to face, directly and seriously animadvert on political culture. But practically it snubs political culture. Large numbers of popular cultural materials occupied the popular reading space. It makes the political culture"market"and"territory"shrinking greatly and its effect decreasing significantly.

这当然不是说世俗大众文化对政治文化采取了直接的、严肃认真的批判姿态；而是说它在客观上冷落了政治文化，大量的大众文化产品覆盖了大众的文化阅读空间，从而使得政治文化的&市场&与&地盘&大大缩小，影响力大大降低。

In theory, Huntington\'s theory breaches the linearity development mode and search for the governance road to the balance between the development and stability on the underdeveloped country\'s behalves.

从总体上看，亨廷顿的政治发展理论突破了以往政治发展理论的线性发展模式，立足于发展中国家的政治现实，为发展中国家寻求发展与稳定之间平衡的治理之道。

Wuchang did not form relatively independent industry and commerce all along in the Qing dynasty , in. traditional society it clinged tightly to the bureaucrat regime, commerce trade gived first place to the articles of luxury that the bureaucrat nobleman consumed; before modern times it was deeply affected by politics factor. The level of industry and commerce development at the modern times had great relation with the political support, so economic growth had fought the notable politics brand.

清代武昌一直没有形成相对独立的工商业，在传统社会紧紧依附官僚政权，商业贸易以官僚贵族消费的奢侈品为主，在近代转型时期也深受政治因素影响，近代工商业发展的水平与政治支持的强弱紧密相关，因此其经济发展打上显著的政治烙印。

One can call this a reflection of the feudal structures left untouched by many a pseudo-revolutions; one can point to the long history of the pir/spiritual guide's extension into the political realm; one can blame lack of political education and access to corridors of power for the members of PPP; and one can acknowledge that the military regimes have sufficiently retarded all venues of political legitimacy, such that there simply cannot be any alternatives to the once-future leaders - Bhuttos, Jatois, Bugtis, Sharifs.

这种情况可视为封建制度的一种，因此许多革命表面上是革命，实际上却渗入封建因子。在漫漫历史中，我们可以发现某些精神领袖因此深入政治领域。也许可以怪罪於缺乏政治教育，或是无法撬开人民党权力中心的大门。另外，军权政治早就掩盖了政权的合法性，因此未来领袖名单，根本就落到这些人身上，例如布托家族、贾托伊家族、布格蒂、沙利夫家族。

Eventually,it was in the 1930s and1940s,an era of saving our nation from extinction,and in the Liberated Area ofChina,a special governmental territory predominated by class struggle,that itviolently grew a remarkable culture and literature picture characteristic of revanchism.

以民族主义、启蒙主义、&阶级斗争&理论等激进政治文化思潮为依托，这一在&血&与&火&的时代政治现实刺激下，一直不绝如缕地发展着的肯定性复仇价值观，终于在上个世纪三四十年代--一个外敌入侵，抗争情绪高涨的救亡时代、一个特殊的政治区域--&阶级斗争&成为社会生活主要内容的解放区中，激化、汇聚成了一道引人注目的复仇主义文学／文化景观。

Just in this sense, the literary practice in those seventeen years manifested the sharp historic dialectical spirits and made any simplified true-false judgment be shallow and puerile before the real historic reality.

当然，这并不是说作为其创作成果的文学文本的精神情感取向与作家自觉意识到的政治理想、政治价值就没有任何断裂之处，对于那个时代来说，真正具有典型意义的恰恰在于政治理性对这一断裂的清醒监控，正是在这个意义上，17年的文学实践表现出了深刻的历史辨证精神，使任何简单化的对错判断在真实的历史现实面前失之浅薄和幼稚。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。