政治上

From 1949 people's republic of China fought for its national identity,but not until before 90's they managed to gain a title zhonghua minzu.in the first decades China tried to establish multinational country,although the communist party wanted a country of one nation.so therefore,the process of establishing a country was kind of parallel with chinese language politics.according to above mentioned,chinese politics was directed to Han nationality,while minority language politics was useful by making minority nation.because of constant conflict between integration and accomodation inside communist party for making a stable country,it often lead to some troubles and misunderstandings in theory in praxis of chinese language politics.

from 1949年中华人民共和国战斗为它的民族性，但是不直到在20世纪90年代之前他们设法获取标题中华minzu.in第一个十年设法的中国建立多民族国家，虽然因此共产党想要一nation.so国家，建立国家的过程是有点儿与中国语言政治平行根据上述，中国政治在理论上被指挥了对汉族，而少数民族语言政治通过做少数国家是有用的由于在综合化和适应之间的恒定的冲突在做的一个稳定的国家共产党里面，它经常导致有些麻烦和误解在中国语言政治实践。

The kaiserdom form, behavior norm and function of this system were new democratic.

本文认为，从 1952 年底开始，新民主主义政治体制开始向社会主义政治体制转型，这是新中国历史上的第一次政治体制改革，它奠定了当代中国政治体制的重要基础。

The author argues that Dung-lin members had sublime political thoughts and lofty aspirations, yet there were great limitations in their mode of thinking, besides, they could hardly go beyond the restraints laid by monarchism when it came to actual political choice.

本论文认为，东林党人的政治思想崇高，志向远大，但在思维方式上有着极大的局限，在实际政治选择上则难以超越君主政治的制约。

In economy, it is a product of the grand canal economy of China in the 16th century, and embodies the rich connotation of civilian survivance and development in East China. In religion, it shows the activities and belief's status of civilian religion. In philosophy, it sets forth the life attitude of civilians, and it especially shows how should a person correctly treat with the relation as a social person and a natural person. In politics, it tells satirical stories about officials by the civilian angle of view, and shows the political attitude of civilians.

从经济活动上看，它是16世纪中国运河经济文化的产物，体现出中国东部地区民众生存发展的丰富内涵；从宗教意义上看，小说生动而又十分丰富地展示了民间宗教的活动场景与信仰状态；从哲学思想上看，它以各种方式阐述了民众的人生态度，尤其是人应该如何正确处理社会的人与自然的人的关系；从政治态度上看，小说从平民百姓的视角，通过对政府官员故事讽刺性的叙述和评价，表明平民大众对政治的鲜明看法。

Therefore,to regard political culture aspolitical subjective quality,which is different from political theory,will breakthrough the traditionary ideas.

因此，把"政治文化"看成是政治主体素质，使其与政治思想理论区别开来，是"政治文化"研究上的理论突破。

In their exercise of power, the primary task of modern nation-states is to transform "people" into politically, culturally and volitionally bounded "citizens," so that the state, instead of the "ruler," will be regarded by the ruled as the object of loyalty, and supportive forces that uphold from below the identity of political communities will occur.

现代民族国家的政治权力之遂行，首要工作乃是将「人」打造成有政治边界、文化边界与意志边界的「公民」，以使被统治者政治效忠的对象由「统治者」转变为「国家」，并且产生具有再生产性质由下而上支撑政治共同体同一性的支持力量。

The cabinet resigned four times between 1998 and 1999 and the president was impeached by the Russian State Duma in 1999. This confirms that Russian politicians, parties, and government organizations have not tried to obtain political power through nondemocratic procedures in oder to establish a non-democratic regime. Therefore constitutionalism has been built and reflected in both the constitution as well as in the practical operation of politics. This phenomenon is very helpful for the democratic consolidation of Russia.

九八年和九九年四次撤换内阁的宪政风波以及九九年年中弹劾总统的宪危机，皆证实了俄国的政治人物、政党或政府组统，并没有以非民主的程序来获取政治权力，试图建立非民主的政权，所以宪政主义在俄国已经逐渐确立，并且也已反映在宪法与实际的政治运作上，这对於俄罗斯民主政治的巩固发展，有著莫大的助益。

By analyzing the general theories of the political development path, the author emphatically investigates the basic problems of the Chinese political development path, and teases reasonedly its shaping trajectory. Accordingly, the author prospects the goal orientation and makes out path selections of Chinese political development in the 21st century.

本文通过对政治发展道路的一般理论进行分析后，着重考察了中国特色政治发展道路的基本问题，对中国特色政治发展道路的形成发展轨迹进行了详尽梳理，并拟在此基础上前瞻21世纪中国政治发展的目标取向和路径选择。

The existence of outer power stayed in Arab world destroys union of geography, society, economy, culture and spirits of Arab world, separates the connection of different regions, obstacles development of Arab unity movement which is thought to be outer factors. However, deeper reasons should be found in inner world. Inner reasons include that political structure of Arab world and deeply dispute weakens the base of Pan-Arabism movement. In local region, the thoughts of Religious Minorities and Sectarianism deny and destroy Arab nationalism movement and its premise-the sincerity of country. Some non-Arab nations pursuit the unity of theirs own not the whole Arab nations. Regional Nationalism and Islamism obstacle the development of Pan-Arab unity movement Weak sovereignty of Arab countries and diverse political rules weaken the political base of movement of Pan-Arab unity. Unbalance of economy, culture and base of society between different regions also lag the unified movement.

内因包括：阿拉伯世界的政治结构和王朝间的利益纷争削弱了泛阿拉伯统一运动的群众基础和民族基础；在局部地区，宗教少数派及其宗派主义思想不断地否定和破坏阿拉伯民族主义运动及其前提——对祖国的忠诚；阿拉伯世界中一些非阿拉伯民族的独立诉求挑战地区的统一；地区民族主义和伊斯兰主义阻碍了泛阿拉伯统一运动的开展；孱弱的国家主权限制了阿拉伯国家在民族事务上的能动性，而多样的政治体制则削弱了泛阿拉伯统一的政治建构基础；阿拉伯各地区或国家间经济、文化和社会发展的不平衡以及整体上的滞后削弱了泛阿拉伯统一运动的经济、文化和社会基础，等等。

Seized by disappointment and with only＄10 with him, he left Microsoft and went to a convenience store where he bought 10 kilo-grants of potatoes to sell them from door to door. Two hours later, he sold out the potatoes with a profit rate of 100%.After a couple of such dealings, his capital doubled and he found he mind feed himself this way.With such an idea in mind, he did this business in tamest and got increasingly prospered. He bought a car and employed more hands and started a large "door-to-door" dealing company, providing the service for people to buy fresh vegetables at their doors. Considering laying out the future for his family, he decided to buy insurance for them. The insurance agent was surprised to know that he did not have an e-mail address and said," just imagine how much you do with a computer and an e-mail address""I would be a cleaner in Microsoft" was his reply.

媒体的宣传总是有其目的在内，或偏或隐或歪曲或扩大，这些都不可避免近来因为英语在中国国内的迅速浸透知识界对国外，特别是对美国，无论从文化上还是政治制度上，经济运作上都越来越了解，而美国因为中国的影响力并不强大，中文的难如天书，政客由于政治目的在&人权&、&西藏&、&台湾&等方面对中国现状的几近于无中生有的夸大歪曲，美国民众对中国的了解往往只限于好莱坞的编造，限于那些为了私利以民运的名义出卖中国利益的流亡者的宣传，改变这个现状，除了需要中国政府和民众更为开放地向世界展示自己，还需要在文化上、语言上不遗余力地介绍自己。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。