政治上

The "should be "political philosophy suggested by Rousseau is an ideal conceivableness,which is can not achieve in the reality so that Rousseau emphasize the importance of moralize,therefore,Rousseau\'s political philosophy is also considered his philosophy of education,and the two have the same final target, the human\'s virtue and welfare,which responses the desire brought forward at the beginning of the dissertation by the way of logic and truth,which ask for keeping the virtue well.

卢梭对现代政治的批判建立在一种应是状态的政治哲学基础上，这种理想的构建，在现实中还不能实现，因此卢梭极力地强调道德教育的重要性，正是在这个意义上，我们说卢梭的政治哲学同时又是教育哲学，而它们的最终目标都指向人的美德与幸福，这就分别在逻辑层面和事实层面，回应了论文开篇提出的保证美德的要求。

Although the classical theory of constitutionalism and the modern theory hold conflicting views as to the extent of authority of the limited government, both attach importance to the demarcation of political powers by the constitutionalist system and political powers ' conforming to these divisions, which endues political powers with legitimacy in its operation.

尽管古典宪政理论和新宪政理论在有限政府的权限范围上的观点有所不同，但是二者都强调宪政制度对政治权力界定以及政治权力对这些界定的遵从，这将赋予政治权力以具体运作上的合法性。

History is growing on the historical activities.The development of history prompts the prosperousness of history.The historian who is not compatible with history apparently has the political complexity of history.The cultural history which is commended by people and is opposite to history of politics paysatlention to the foreign history,social life history and the demotic history of lower class.

因为史学是在政治生活中生长的；政治的发展激励着史学的昌盛；史学史上那些表面不容于政治的史学家政治情结更浓；被人们所称道似乎与政治史对立的文化史关注域外史、社会生活史和下层人民史，实际上是现代政治权力的扩张。

Say from common sense,"Recursive Europe " it is the political catchword that leader of politics of state of the shunt after revulsion puts forward, aim to domestic and international declare publicly, they are appetent the politics that casts off Russia, economy and martial control and influence, the politics that rapid development is the same as the west, economy and military affairs concern a kind of such new ground predestined relationships political incline to, the political value orientaton with self-identity active west (the with diversity citizen society that builds democracy) with economic system .

从一般意义上说，&回归欧洲&是剧变后转轨国家政治领导人提出的政治口号，旨在向国内外昭示，它们意欲摆脱苏联的政治、经济和军事控制及影响，迅速发展同西方的政治、经济和军事关系这样一种新的地缘政治趋向，认同西方现行的政治价值取向(建立民主的和多元化的公民社会)和经济制度。

In the 1980s,developing countries realized the transition of politics one by one.The study on political development and political transition became the hot issue again. In the early 1990s,Russia began its political transition under delegative democracy which came from its political historical background and actual situation.

20世纪80年代，发展中国家相继实现了民主政治转型，政治发展、政治转型研究再度成为政治学界的热门课题。90年代初，俄罗斯走上了政治转型道路，特殊的历史背景和现实环境使之形成了独特的政治转型模式。

The whole Party pitching in and taking charge of this work.(9) setting typical examples for people to follow them. In chapter 4, the author suggests that ideological and political work is our Party"s "lifeline" and "central link, which must be carried forward and brought forth new ideas. According to such new situations and cases as the diversity of social life, the globalization of economy and information, the new struggle situation in the ideological sphere and so on. ideological and political work needs new ideas, and the work must adhere to the major principles as follows:(1) To correctly deal with the relationship of strengthening and improvement succession and innovation as well as creatively carrying out work based on strengthening and carrying forward.(2) To respect the mass initial creation spirit, further consolidate the consciousness of practice and unceasingly sum up and spread the new experiences of ideological and political work.(3) To adhere to realities, master the law and intensify the aim.(4) To make use of modem scientific technology and results of social science.(5) Under the premise of insisting on the above principles, to forcefully bring forth new ideas into ideologic

在第四章中，笔者提出思想政治工作是我党的&生命线&和&中心环节&，必须继承和发扬这一优良传统；新的形势和新的情况，如社会生活的多样性、经济和信息的全球化、思想领域斗争的新形势等，要求思想政治工作必须创新；思想政治工作创新必须坚持以下主要原则：必须正确处理好加强和改进、继承与创新的关系，在加强和继承的基础上创造性地开展工作；必须充分尊重群众的首创精神，进一步强化实践意识，不断总结推广思想政治工作的新经验；必须贴近现实、把握规一津、增强针对性：必须应用现代科学技术和社会科学的发展成果；在坚持以上原则的前提下，新时期思想政治工作必须在观念和思路、内容和载体、方法和手段以及制度方面予以重大创新。

Of course,the basisfor international cooperation is still the power of a nation.Coordination of nationalinterests by IOs is only a kind of non-compulsory action based upon free will,and itcan only take effects within its limits.And that is the reason IOs play active roles ineconomic,social,and other"low politics"issues,while their roles are restricted inmilitary,security,and other"high politics"issues.

当然，国际合作的基础仍然是国家实力，国际组织中国家利益的协调基本上只是一种自愿基础上的非强制行为，只能在一定范围内发挥功效，这就是国际组织在那些未涉及到国家根本利益的经济、社会等&低级政治&问题上表现非常活跃，而在传统的政治、军事安全等&高级政治&问题上受到更多限制的根源。

This article around the political and economic social development analyzes and introspects the intrinsic profound relation with comparison, and unify the illustration that the Contemporary China politics and construction promote the grow of state economic society, to attempt to elaborate the importance of the authority, the order and the vitality in constructing of the political validity,, and further verifies the middle axle principle role that the political validity plays in the national development, thus , from the political validity construction which promotes country growth and social development, to verifie the achievement which the China reform and open policy more than 30 for years obtained is the fact that the effective politics create effective development.

本文通过分析政治与经济社会发展的内在深刻联系和反思比较两者的关系，并结合当代中国政治建设促进国家经济社会成长的例证，试图阐述在建构政治有效性当中权威、秩序和活力的重要性，并据此进一步探明政治有效性在国家发展当中所起到的中轴原理作用，从而印证中国改革开放三十多年来所取得的成就从政治有效性建构促进国家成长和社会发展的层面上来说就是有效政治创造有效发展的事实。

To aim at two kinds of oppugning, the comparison of political thoughts between China and the West, which definitely has legitimate foundation, is provided with reasonable justification on the basis of the analysis of the opposition and rational orientation depending on two internal conditions and two external conditions.

针对近来对中西政治思想比较研究的两类质疑，文章明确指出中西政治思想比较本身具有正当性依据，并在分析反对中西政治思想比较研究的看法的基础上，为中西政治思想比较研究提供了理智的辩护，进而提出应该给予中西政治思想比较研究以合理的定位，而这种合理定位依赖于两个内部条件和两个外部条件的具备。

To a great extent, political communication influents the forming of policy operation of political system, merger of political culture and steady politics.

政治沟通在很大程度上影响着政治决策的形成、政治系统的运行、政治文化的整合和政治稳定。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。