政治上

Jean Bodin (1530-1596) is the political theorist in the sixteenth century. His contribution to the political thought is focused on his theory of state, especially on his theory of sovereignty. In this treatise, the author tries to explain his theory of state systematically, based on the former study. It will include the origin of state, conception of state, end of state, theory of sovereignty and so on .

16世纪法国政治思想家让·布丹（Jean Bodin 1530－1596）在西方政治思想史上的贡献主要集中在他的国家理论，尤其是他的国家主权理论中，本文则试图在总结前人研究成果的基础上，系统论述布丹的国家理论，包括国家的起源、国家的目的、国家主权理论和政体理论等，使其国家理论更加完整，并客观评价他在西方政治思想史上的地位。

Nietzsche"s political philosophy is not piled up a dish of messy sand by maxim form, the writer thinks that Nietzsche"s political construction has his continuous logicality. It"s an expression of political philosophy that is constructed on the base of force will and life will, it makes life reach at a transitional bridge that can supply condition for the salvation of art. Thus, there are three understandings here. Firstly, politics is an objective expression of power will, also is an external expression of power will. The real politics depends on power will and services to their requirement and regulation; Secondly, the life faces on the double crises, on the one hand, the life falls into denial of Christian morality. Morality of Christianity presumes another world that life never touch for. This is world of soul belief and pursue, meanwhile, life is depreciated and degenerated as "evil", so the value of life suffers from misunderstanding and denial. Things of presence are subverted as things of exeunt."Uprising of slave in morality" results in the denial of ",master morality, at the same time, although modern democratic politics that based on morality of Christianity makes person return secular life and makes life identity and trite. This kind of politics creates privation of special vulture and race. On the other hand, internal requirement of power will results in the crisis of life because the characteristics of power will is continuous making and destroy.

尼采的政治哲学并非是以格言形式堆积而成的一盘散沙，笔者认为，尼采的政治建构有其一贯的逻辑性，体现为其政治哲学是建构在强力意志或生命意志基础上的并使生命达至艺术拯救提供条件的一座过度性桥梁，对此有三层理解：首先政治是权力意志的一种客观体现，是全力意志的一种外化，真正的政治必须立足于权力意志之上并服务于其要求和规定；其次，生命面临着双重危机，一方面，生命陷入基督教道德的否定之中，基督教道德设定了一个生命遥不可及的彼岸世界，这是灵魂信仰和追求的世界，同时生命被贬堕为"恶"，这样，生命的价值遭到误解和否定，在场的事物被颠覆为退场的事物，"主人道德"被否定，这是"道德上的奴隶起义"的结果，同时基于基督教道德之上的现代民主政治虽然使人回到了尘世，但是又将生命齐一化和平庸化，造成特殊文化和特殊种族的缺位，而正是这种文化和这种种族才能真正地肯定生命；另一方面，生命的危机是权力意志内在的要求所致，因为权力意志的一个特质就是连续地生成和毁灭，就生命本身就是权力意志而言，毁灭就是其必然的命运。

However, judging by the current situation of governance, because of the unevenness distribution of international politics resources, different operators have different ability to obtain different level of international resources which are distributed unevenly in mode. Therefore it has resulted in the governance ability of nonstarter operators and hence decided that multi-level global management still remains far from the target of theorists who have proposed a well management mode featured by legitimacy, rule of law, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, effectiveness, participation, stable, honest and fair.

但就目前的治理状况而言，由于现有国际政治资源分布上的不均衡性、不同行为体在获取国际政治资源能力上的非对称性以及国际政治资源分配方式上的非对等性，大大制约了非国家行为体的治理能力，从根本上决定了当前仍处于"多层全球治理"状态，离全球治理理论者所设想的实现一个具备合法性、法治、透明性、责任性、回应性、有效性、参与、稳定、廉洁、公正的"善治"目标还有很大的差距。

Jiang Zemin"s theory of ideological political work has affluent contents and abundant opinions. On the basis of extensive reading, analyzing, inducting, researching on Jiang Zemin"s report about ideology political work and important document of the third central leadership, using system analyzing method, com out the main ideas. That is with regard to rank and function of ideological political work, objective and tack of ideological political work, object of ideological political work, principle of ideological political work, basic content of ideological political work, method of ideological political work, leading of ideological political work.

江泽民思想政治工作学说内容丰富，观点众多，在大量阅读、分析、归纳、研究江泽民关于思想政治工作的重要文献的基础上，经过了系统分析与梳理，主要阐述了关于思想政治工作的地位与作用，关于思想政治工作的目标与任务，关于思想政治工作的对象，关于思想政治工作的原则，关于思想政治工作的内容，关于思想政治工作的方式方法，以及关于思想政治工作的领导几个方面的具体内容。

Kyrgyzstan\'s political transformation is theresult of series complex factors,As the interactional relationship of politics andecnomics,economical factors is the basic factors,traditional political cultural,whichresults in the negative factors of the countury\'s democratical politicaltransformation,is the main factor of non-institutionalism of political transforming.national relationship and religional extremelist are another importantfactors,which have an impact on steady environment and building of nationalcountries;Kyrgyzstan\'s political transformation,which drops into the dilemma ofblind imitation,is influenced by external powersIt\'s concluded six points by summarizing the efforts of Kyrgyzstan\'sdemocratical political transformation.at the same time,bringing forward my ownopinions about our country towards the academic development of western politics andthe experience of Kyrgyzstan\'s political transformation.

吉尔吉斯斯坦政治转型是一系列内外综合因素互为作用的结果。就政治与经济的互动关系而言，经济因素无疑是影响吉政治转型的基本动因；传统政治文化是导致吉民主化政治转型中出现恶质因素，政治运作非制度化的重要动因；民族关系和宗教极端势力是影响吉政治转型所需和谐稳定环境以及民族国家建构的另一重要因素；吉政治转型陷入盲从模仿及摇摆不定的困境在很大程度上与外部势力的影响不无关系。结语通过吉尔吉斯斯坦民主化政治转型绩效的总结分析得出了本文研究的六点结论；同时就西方政治发展理论与吉尔吉斯斯坦政治转型实践的悖论给予中国的启示提出了自己的看法。

So, JiangZe-min as a deputizing for the Communist Party of China Third Leading Group is exploring how to build socialist democratic and political construction of characteristics of the China and according with the condition of China on base of the Communist Party of China Second Leading Group.

因此，以江泽民为代表的中共第三代领导集体在中共第二代领导集体进行民主政治建设的基础上，更进一步地探索如何建设有中国特色的符合中国具体国情的社会主义民主政治，提出了&依法治国&的基本思路和基本国策，并提出了用&三个代表&重要思想为指导来加强党内的民主建设，具体地制定和实施了许多加强和改进民主政治建设的措施，从而把有中国特色的社会主义民主政治建设事业推上了新的阶段。

University ideology and politics educational practice idea on " people first ", must pay close attention to thought characteristic of university student, lead and meet psychology of university students' needs as the starting point; Pay attention to individual character develop, train initiative spirit, mould subject personality, promote personality perfect as goal of ideological and political education; Hold the entity, level and ideological and political education principle respected; Press close to reality on the educational content, reflect the characteristic of the time; Inculcates and dredges to unify on the method, the emotion is unified with arguing, teach by precept and teach others by his own example to unify ; Establish the teacher-student relationship with equal democracy on the subject ; Improve educator's quality through strengthening subject consciousness , strengthening subject quality at the same time , set up the ideological and political education team of the expert type.

高校思想政治教育实践&以人为本&的理念，必须把关注大学生的思想特征，引导和满足大学生的心理需要作为出发点；把注重个性发展、培养创新精神，塑造主体人格、促进人格完善作为思想政治教育的目标；把握主体性、层次性和尊重的思想政治教育原则；在教育内容上贴近实际，体现时代特征；在方法上实行灌输与疏导相统一，感情与说理相统一，言教与身教相统一；在主体上建立民主平等的师生关系；同时要通过强化主体意识、强化主体素质来提高教育者自身素质，建立专家型的思想政治教育队伍。

Firstly it starts with the understanding of the costs concept, clears the meaning, character and sorts of Ideological and Political Education costs, to understand the significance to explain the costs of Ideological and Political Education. According to that, then the article unscrambles newly to the effectiveness for Ideological and Political Education, to achieve the explanation to the actual effects costs for Ideological and Political Education by theory.

首先，从对成本概念的理解入手，界定思想政治教育成本的内涵、特征和分类，明确思想政治教育成本的阐释意义，在此基础上对思想政治教育实效性进行新的解读，从理论上实现对思想政治教育实效性的成本阐释。

Oh, he laughed, and in that singular manner so peculiar to himself--half-malicious, half-ferocious; he almost immediately got up and took his leave; then, for the first time, I observed the agitation of my grandfather, and I must tell you, Maximilian, that I am the only person capable of discerning emotion in his paralyzed frame.

噢，我常常听人悄悄地谈论这种事，我觉得这真是奇怪极了。父亲是一个拿破仑党，而儿子却是一个保皇党，究竟有什么理由要在党派和政治上发生这样古怪的差别呢？还是回过头来讲我的故事吧！我转过身去望着我的祖父，想问他为什么这么激动，他若有所思地望着我读的那份报纸。'什么事呀，亲爱的祖父？'我问道。'你高兴吗？'他给了我一个肯定的表示。'是高兴我父亲刚才所说的话吗？

Located on 12-acre Liberty Island in New York Harbor , the Statue of Liberty was a gift of international friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States and is one of the most universal symbols of political freedom and democracy.

在纽约港内的自由岛上占地12英姆，自由女神像是法国人民送给美国人民作为国际友好的一个礼物，也是在政治上自由与民主的一个最有名的象徵之一。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐