政治上

The Silk Road gave rise to the clusters of military states of nomadic origins in North China, invited the Nestorian, Manichaean, Buddhist, and later Islamic religions into Central Asia and China, created the influential Khazar Federation and at the end of its glory, brought about the largest continental empire ever: the Mongol Empire, with its political centers strung along the Silk Road (Beijing in North China, Karakorum in central Mongolia, Sarmakhand in Transoxiana, Tabriz in Northern Iran, Astrakhan in lower Volga, Bahcesaray in Crimea, Kazan in Central Russia, Erzurum in eastern Anatolia), realizing the political unification of zones previously loosely and intermittently connected by material and cultural goods.

丝绸之路引发了由中国北部开始的游牧地区军队丛生，引发了景教、摩尼教、佛教，后期还有伊斯兰宗教进入中亚和中国，创造了有影响力的哈扎尔联盟。在它的显赫终结之时，带来了曾经是最大陆地面积的帝国：蒙古帝国，它的政治中心是沿着丝绸之路（中国北部的北京，蒙古中部的哈拉和林、河中地区的萨马卡罕、北伊朗的大不里士、伏尔加河下游的阿斯特拉罕、克里米亚的巴塞莎拉、中俄罗斯的喀山、安纳托利亚东部的埃尔祖鲁姆），意识到先前松散和被物质和文化商品间歇地连接的地区需要政治上的统一。

Of course, in this most political of diseases, political correctness is de rigueur, so it is not put quite like that.

当然，这是个和政治息息相关的传染病，政治上的合乎时宜是必要的，所以真实的情况未必就是如所言这般的。

This somewhat vicious doggerel Liu Fangren eventually became the prophecies on the end of his political life in the last moment, Aged 67, this is really political officials were buried.

这句略显恶毒的顺口溜最终成了刘方仁的谶语，就在其政治生命即将结束的最后时刻，这位现年67岁的高官真的在政治上被埋葬了。

When, finally, the exigencies of party politics, under conditions of life in great cities, developed the political machine, some of the more independent newspapers revolted.

最终，在大城市生活的条件下，政党出于政治上的迫切需要，把政治机器发展起来，这时一些比较独立的报纸就起来反抗了。

He denies striking any deals and points out that the governorship did not guarantee him political immunity.

他否认任何政治交易，并指出州长身份并没有保证他政治上的免疫。

Sinn Fein: an Irish political and cultural society founded about 1905 to promote political and economic independence from England, unification of Ireland, and a renewal of Irish culture.

新芬党，1905年建立的爱尔兰政治和文化的政党，旨在寻求政治上和经济上独立于英格兰，以及爱尔兰的统一和爱尔兰文化的复兴。

In the economic aspect, the early state preserved rural commune, the tribute and corvee system, and the reassignment economy. In the political aspect, the early state preserved the fathership government, the hereditary rules, and the indirect domination. Feudalism and Slavishness were two prospects for early states.

本文还从马克思的亚细亚理论出发，从相关的历史材料中归纳出早期国家以下几个方面的特征：1在经济上，早期国家具有农村公社、贡赋与劳役制度、再分配经济等特征；2在政治上，早期国家具有父权制统治形式、世袭制政治制度、间接统治方式等特征；3早期国家的转型有两个基本的方向——封建制国家和奴隶制国家。

At the same time, another focus of this thesis is to explore the Sui Dynasty literary feature like using simplified language without too much modification as the general principle, and to take etiquette music as ideological core of orthodoxical Confucian view on literature and literary works, as well as how to generate and how to assess the whole process.

在牛弘身边，聚集了一大批南北士人共同参与制定国家统一后必要的文化制度，反映出这一时代最深刻的本质；作为典型的儒家知识分子，牛弘的政治理想和其文学创作是相辅相成的，政治上，他积极参与一些根本性的制度建设，文学观念上，尊崇儒家经典文本的权威性，因而其作品显而易见的价值取向就是这一思路的延伸和外化。

The royal families of Salian and Staufen appointed many imperial ministeriales as imperial offices to support them to rebuild monarchy. The political situation and economic structure in Germany in that period, namely from 11th to 12th centuries, had a deep slow change; on the political situation Germany transferred from monarchy to local governing, namely territorial states; on the other hand, the commerce resumed and new cities established, social lives were in deep changing in Germany.

萨立安尤其是斯陶芬的王室出于巩固及加强王权的需要而大批任用王室封臣，并委以重任。11、12世纪德国的政治格局，经济结构都在发生着缓慢而深刻的变化；政治上德国正在由中央集权向领地邦国制度过渡；经济上农业发展，商业复兴，城市兴起，可以说，德国的方方面面都在变。

In politics, astrology has four kinds of influences:(1) rationalizing the establishment of political powers;(2) the feudal official's expostulations to the monarch;(3) waging political struggles;(4) implementing coups.

政治上，星占学的影响有四：一、合化政权的建；二、臣以此上疏劝谏国君；三、进政治斗；四、进政变。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。