政治

Political legitimacy is one of the most important and fundamental concepts of political thought and ideology.

政治合法性，是政治思维、政治意识最重要、最基本的观念之一，是政治思想文明的重要标志和重要表现。

Plutocracy is the political processes in which plutocrat is involved and exerting influence. It is reflected in the relations between government and business.

本文首先对财阀政治这一概念作了界定，认为，财阀政治就是指财阀介入政治的过程，其主要表现为政府与企业之间的关系；其次，本文确定了两个写作原则：一是从历史学的视角来努力再现韩国财阀政治的历史面貌。

The countermeasures are as follows:to raise the quality of the team of politico\|education,to take ideological education as the guide principle and to take advantage of network education.

主要对策有：一是要提高思想政治工作队伍的整体素质；二是结合少数民族大学生的思想实际，以邓小平理论课和"两课"为主渠道进行理想信念教育；三是把思想政治教育融于学生管理工作全过程；四是以大学生心理指导工作促进思想政治教育工作；五是民族高等院校的思想政治工作要充分利用网络教育阵地。

Political or moral utilitarianism and aesthetic utilitarianism are the two main traditions in modern Chinese aesthetics. The former considers aesthetics and art to be tools for political struggles or moral preachment, and requires them to "serve"directly for political or moral purposes, while the latter, taking aesthetics for the sake of life, or thus a life concept of aesthetics, is against the consideration of aesthetics and art to be tools for politics or morality, and requires them to affect intrinsically the improvement of life state. Liang Qichao is the direct ideological source in the end of the 19〓 century for the former, while Wang Guowei the founder for the latter.

真正构成中国现代美学的两大传统是政治、道德功利主义和审美功利主义：前者主张以审美和艺术作为政治斗争或道德说教的工具，要求审美和艺术直接"服务于"政治或道德目的；后者主张为人生的美学，或者是人生论美学，反对审美和艺术直接充当政治或道德的工具，而是要求审美和艺术内在地作用于人生境界的提升；前者在19世纪的直接思想源头在梁启超，而后者的开创者是王国维。

That is to say, the ritual of political legitimacy must be changed from traditional type of consanguinity, hereditariness and god-given regality into legal principle type in which the authority comes from and is approbated by people\'s vote; from subject type of passive moralized inculcation into citizen type of initiative study and free selection; from closed exclusive type into openparticipation type——the ritual of people participating in politicalactions is no longer controlled or confined in an extremely incapacious and closed spectrum.

政治合法化仪式从基于血缘、世袭和君权神授的传统型向以通过民众投票和选举来表达授权与认可的法理型转变；政治社会化仪式从被动教化和灌输的臣民型向主动学习和自由选择的公民型转变；政治参与仪式由封闭的排他型转变为开放的参与型——即参与政治的仪式的不再被控制和局限在极其狭小和封闭的范围内。

This paper,beginning with the concept of legitimacy of political rights,probes into the source of its theory in terms of historical development,and points out that the rightfulness and recognition of political rights form the foundation and source for the legitimacy.

本文从政治权力合法性界定入手，从历史发展的角度探讨了合法性理论的渊源，指出政治权力的正当性与对政治权力的认同构成了政治权力合法性的基础和源泉。

Equal consciousness has the fundamental status in the political conscious civilization, but it also play an important part in the constructing of socialistic political civilization . In the political institutional civilization, this paper set forth the issues of the constructing of democratic system, that is, democracy is as important to the constructing of political civilization as the solarism to astronomy. But in the modern society of China, which has the profound tradition of civilianism, what kind of democracy do we need?

平等意识在政治意识文明中具有基础地位，而它对于社会主义政治文明建设具有十分重要的作用；政治制度文明中阐述了民主制度建设的问题，民主对于政治文明建设的重要就象太阳中心说对于天文学一样，然而，在有着深厚民本主义传统的现代中国社会，我们究竟需要怎样的民主？

The Essay is focused on the new election system of Japanese House of Representatives' to find out the roles of election system in Japan democratic Progress. To perfect the electoral system, Japan had mended its election system of the House of Representatives 14 times since 1889 till 1994. In 1993, some political issues, included the reform of election system, eventually led Prime Minister Miyazawa Kiichi to resign and ended the Liberal Democratic Party' 38-year-old reign, as well as the so-call"55 system（the party system of 1955）".During the past century, Japan has tried small, medium and large sized district systems, currently "First past the post with Proportional Representation System", to constitute a fair and better system which is expected to improve Japan's political environments and make voters trust the politics.

中文摘要本论文系以日本众议院新选举制度为研究之核心，探讨日本在其民主化过程中，选举制度所扮演之角色，日本为让选举制度更臻完善，自一八八九年起至一九九四年止，共计针对其众议院选举制度进行了十四次之修改，甚至於一九九三年，因选举制度等政治议题之改革，导致自由民主党之宫泽喜一内阁下台，结束该党长达三十八年之长期执政，日本政治上所谓「五五体制」亦至此宣告结束，过去百余年来日本先后实施过小选举区制、中选举区制、大选举区制及目前实施之小选举区比例代表并立制，其主要目的系为建构一套更公正、公平、优质之选举制度，让其政治更清明，让选民对政治更有信心。

Therefore,to regard political culture aspolitical subjective quality,which is different from political theory,will breakthrough the traditionary ideas.

因此，把"政治文化"看成是政治主体素质，使其与政治思想理论区别开来，是"政治文化"研究上的理论突破。

The socialism ideology\'s economical function is to preach economic value whose core is fairness and equality, thus makes ideology transform to be interior variableness of economics development from exterior variableness.

社会主义意识形态政治功能就是通过倡导民主与法治为核心的政治价值观、树立共同理想、引导政治行为，实现维护社会政治合法性的功能。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。