政治

He held that the construction of socialist democracy must be linked with that of the socialist legal system.

社会主义政治文明是指在马克思主义理论和社会主义信念的指导下，制定出来的社会主义政治制度，以及贯彻实现社会主义政治制度的政治管理和人们的政治行为的总和。

They have different opinions about the issuewhether politics needs moral or not, But in the essence their opinionsboth embody the private politicians, which is botfly different frommodern public administration.

圣王与暴君是两种最典型的政治人范式，尽管对政治是否需要道德有着不同的理解，但是实质都是私人政治的体现，以君主利益作为政治活动的终极目标，这与现代公共政治是完全相异的。

In oreder to strengthen and improve the ideological and political education, and to improve its focalization and efficiency, based on the basic characteristics of the higher vocational institue and linked with the characteristics of the ideological and political education in higher vocational institue, the author deeply analyzes the main problems and roots in recent higher vocational institues of our country, and put forward the relevant thinkings and solutions.

为进一步加强和改进高职院校学生思想政治工作，提高学生思想政治工作的针对性和有效性，本文从高职学生的基本特征出发，结合高职教育的培养目标、基本特征以及高职院校学生思想政治工作的特点，对现阶段我国高职院校学生思想政治工作存在的主要问题和根源进行了深入的分析，提出了完善高职学生思想政治工作的思路和对策。

Based on the idea that the ineradicable traditional politics and culture hinder the modernization of China,the author,considering their denotations anddefinitions of their function,analyzes the present situation of China's politics and culture,discusses the significance of establishing new types ofpolitics and culture,and does an attempt research into their establishmentfollowing the socialist guidelines.

根深蒂固的中国传统政治文化已经成为中国走向全面现代化的深层障碍。本文从政治文化的涵义和作用的界定出发，分析了当代中国政治文化的现状，探讨了创建新型政治文化对中国现代化具有深远的意义，并对如何创建社会主义新型政治文化做了尝试性探索。

The reason of political escape is for politics, they are the remains of Liuguo, the literator, the Taoist, the person of ideals and integrity to turn over the Qin dynasty . At the beginning of the Han dynasty, the remains of the hostility, the underling of the leud, and the escape caused by the big political affairs.

政治犯罪逃亡是政治人物因为政治原因而逃亡，主要有六国残余、儒生、方士、反秦志士的逃亡，汉初敌对集团残余人物、诸侯王属官的逃亡，以及汉代重大政治事件引起的的逃亡，还有其他政治原因引起的逃亡。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，"国家"代替"帝国"，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

This paper analyzes the suitability of political party in the following five points: it expatiates on the Huntington's suitability and carries a foreshadowing of what is to follow later in the first part. In the second part, through probing into political party, it realized the general deficiency of Thailand political party. In the third part, it aims to the Thailand political ecology to analyze the military power, monarchal power and patron-client relations. It realized that the Thailand political ecology exercises a great influence on the development of political party. In the fourth part, from deducing the relationship between political party and political ecology, it realizes, it's the weak suitability lead to the military coup is inevitable. In the fifth part, it reflects further on how to strengthen the suitability of political party. It thinks that political party should have more effects on promoting the process of democratization.

本文从如下五个方面对政党的适应性进行了分析：第一部分叙述亨廷顿适应性理论的观点，给文章做了理论铺垫和假设；第二部分对政党这个政治主体进行探析，认识到泰国政党普遍存在的缺陷和不足之处；第三部分对泰国的政治生态作了分析，从军队力量、君主力量和庇护制关系等几个方面进行探讨，认为泰国政治生态对政党发展产生了巨大的影响；第四部分对政党与政治生态的关系作出合乎逻辑的推论和衡量，认为适应性不强导致军事政变等政治现象的发生不可避免；第五部分就如何加强政党适应性做出进一步的思考，认为政党在推进民主化进程中应该有更大的作为。

History is growing on the historical activities.The development of history prompts the prosperousness of history.The historian who is not compatible with history apparently has the political complexity of history.The cultural history which is commended by people and is opposite to history of politics paysatlention to the foreign history,social life history and the demotic history of lower class.

因为史学是在政治生活中生长的；政治的发展激励着史学的昌盛；史学史上那些表面不容于政治的史学家政治情结更浓；被人们所称道似乎与政治史对立的文化史关注域外史、社会生活史和下层人民史，实际上是现代政治权力的扩张。

Moral bureaucrats typically belongs to the self-containment" culture," the bureaucratic rule mainly rely on the official moral self-containment, and political institutional supervisee become soft, the severe shortages of social entity and social press outside the political institution come into being.

清官在政治统治中具有三个功能，即政治调节、政治教化与政治心理安慰的功能，这些都有利于社会政治秩序的稳定。

From the angle of historical reason, constitutionalism is the certainty choice, foundation and insignia of modern political civ...

从历史理性的角度看，宪政是近现代政治文明的必然选择，是近现代政治文明的基础与标志；从功能分析的角度看，宪政比民主更契合近现代政治文明的核心内容，更适合充当近现代政治文明之&核心&这一角色；从价值理性的角度看，宪政的&真&、&善&、&美&内质使其鹤立于一般的政治要素群，宪政乃近现代政治文明之灵魂。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。