政府土地

Chapter four clarified meanings of income of land development, at same time, it analyzed existing distributing mode of income of land development in our country and pointed out that local government is a main gainer, which will easily result in governmental failure.

第四章在明确土地发展收益含义的同时，通过分析我国现行的土地发展收益分配方式，指出地方政府是土地发展收益的主要获得者，而这种状况极易导致地方政府失灵和农民利益得不到保护。

All government and semi-government landholding departments and agencies should publish a yearly report listing land and real estate assets, their value and their current land use.

所有政府和半政府的土地所有部门和机构要公布每年的土地清单和房地产资产，他们的价值和当前的土地使用。

The difference that owned by public system in land with private legal theory makes the property law of our country meet an unprecedented challenge, the national landholding power gathers the civil corpus and the administration corpus as one, the easy to government makes use of behavior to carry on an aggressive intervention to the land with insure the exploitation of land can be kept on, but it is possible that the influence of exorbitant intervention make less efficiency of land exploitation , intervention...

土地公有制与私法理念的差异使我国的物权立法遇到前所未有的挑战，国家土地所有权集民事主体与行政主体于一身，便于政府对土地利用行为进行积极的干预以确保土地的可持续利用，但也可能因为过分的干预而影响土地的利用效率，干预的形式主要应该是对土地规划的严格执行。在社会主义市场经济条件下，与发达国家相比，我国的土地权利体系中缺乏土地下级所有权这样一个中间环节，影响了土地的利用效率。

It is believed by the author that we can find no way to judge the fainness and efficiency if we take onlythe forms of land ownership independently,rather than with any otherfactors that is relevant,into consideration.

改革我国土地市场的基本思路是：（1）管制政府出让行为，放开转让市场。政府出让土地的来源，应当限于填海造地、没收违法用地、使用权期限届满收回的土地和城市空地。

To foster and boom the land market, as the main body of land supply in the first class land market and the common authority in regulating the whole land market, the government must establish the market rules and plot out the effective working border between market and government.

无疑具有过渡特征——是政府主导下的培育和发展土地市场，须政府完善市场规则，划分市场与政府的各自的有效作用边界，同时政府又是一级市场的供给主体和作为调控整体土地市场公共权威，或者说这一切正在运行或完善过程中。

Through local government borrowing land reserve center to form a production chain of the land, the land as a high-priced goods, to allow the Government to become the operator of the land sale.

通过地方政府借款土地储备中心，形成产业链的土地，土地作为一个高价位的商品，以使政府能够成为运营商的土地买卖。

Subsequently, in June 2003, Tianjin has formulated and implemented a "compensation for the use of state-owned land in Tianjin methods" to determine the establishment of Tianjin Land Consolidation Center as the city's land acquisition, reserves the sole body to determine the establishment of land in Tianjin Trading Center as the city only the land market and land transactions in the specialized agencies, thereby ensuring the land market of government monopolies and centralized and unified management of the city's land.

随后，在2003年6月，天津已制定并实施了&有偿使用国有土地在天津方法&，以确定建立天津土地整理中心作为城市的土地收购，储备的唯一机构，以确定建立在天津土地交易中心作为唯一的城市土地市场和土地交易专门机构，从而保证了土地市场的政府垄断和集中统一管理城市的土地。

The core of the problem is that current laws permit the Government at the beginning of the principles in accordance with the market to sell, lease, transfer of land, while still adhering to all non-peasant-occupied building guidelines for land nationalization, the Government remains the sole land acquisition monopoly power, is still prohibited and restricted rural collectives and farmers contracted to non-agricultural construction land use right transfer.

的核心问题是，目前的法律允许政府在年初的原则，根据市场出售，出租，转让土地，同时仍然坚持所有非农民自用土地建设的指导方针国有化，政府仍然是唯一的土地收购的垄断权力，仍是禁止和限制农村集体和农民承包给非农业建设用地使用权转让。

For example, utilizing the land assets, the increases in land value, to improve the Government's office environment, but also led the Government's new appreciation of the land surrounding the site.

例如，利用土地资产，增加土地价值，提高政府的办公环境，但也导致了政府的新赞赏土地周围的网站。

Ministry of Land and Resources and the provinces for the Office of Land and Resources macro-management sector, is mainly responsible for formulating regulations and policies, there is generally no specific grant of land control, the real master is granted the right to urban land management departments at the county level, they are representative; and this 2 specifically responsible for the management of the land grant, and one of the main title of the State Council, the executive has a huge difference, mainly affected by two government at the same level leadership, authority and power of appointment are in the hands of the government at the same level the hands of senior management is mainly responsible for operational guidance, this is bound to make land management sector succumbed to the local executive order, and even fewer consider the implementation of national laws and regulations so that the state regulation of the difficulty of increasing the overall national will and national interests are not fully reflected.

国土资源部和省为国土资源的宏观管理部门，主要负责制定法规和政策，一般没有具体的批地控制，真正的主人是权城市土地管理部门在县一级，它们代表；这2专门负责管理土地赠款，其中一个主要标题国务院，执行有很大的差异，主要受两个政府在同一水平上的领导，权威和权力的任命是在政府手中，在同一水平手中的高级管理人员主要负责业务指导，这势必使土地管理部门屈从于地方行政秩序，甚至更少考虑实施国家法律和规章，使国家调控的困难，提高整个国家的意愿和国家的利益没有得到充分反映。

I will endeavour to find you some assistance.

我尽力帮你找人帮忙。

At first I only know bruck is the idol of American younglings, afterwards I returned back to Taiwan ,even in Beijing last year ,I saw her poster everywhere, I was so surprised at her charm.

起初我只晓得布鲁克雷德丝是美国少男少女崇拜的偶像，后来回台湾，甚至去年在北京，居然也四处看见她的海报，才惊讶她的魅力之大。