政府土地

Schedule A applied to land which had reverted to the Crown following the demise of its owners; schedule "B" was Crown Land where the owning unit was believed to have expired but where it was possible to suppose some may still be alive and Crown "C" was land acquired by the Government post independence, mainly through the acquisition of Freehold land purchased from the Colonial Sugar Refining Company.

A类皇家土地指那些随着土地主的死亡而变更为皇家土地的那部分土地；B类皇家土地指那些有理由相信土地单元产权已经到期但有可能该土地单元的地主仍然活着的那部分土地；而C类皇家土地是指那些自斐济独立后由政府收回的土地，主要是政府从原殖民制糖公司手中购买的永久产权土地。

The second chapter describes the formation of the pool of state controlled lands and the establishment of land market. The third chapter analyzes the government policies regarding land sale from the Independence to 1850s and the federal government"s diversified land distribution polices in the latter half of the 19th century. In the Forth chapter, the author assesses how American government" s land policies assisted the development of agriculture, communications and transportation, western urbanization and the formation of a national market. Chapter Fivediscusses the controversial issues of the land speculation and The Homestead Law, which affected the governments land policies.

全文分五章：第一章简要介绍美国土地问题的研究概况；第二章描述了美国建国以后国有土地的形成和国有土地市场的建立；第三章分析了美国建国后至十九世纪中期联邦政府以销售为主的土地政策，以及十九世纪后半期联邦政府多元化的土地分配政策；第四章从农业、交通运输业、西部城市化、国内统一市场四个方面入手，分析了土地政策对西部开发的推动作用；第五章对与土地政策密切相关的、学术界争论较大的土地投机问题和《宅地法》进行了简评。

The governments which are the real estate market superintendent transform the government economical function, standard the behavior of government, construct public service government. The governments which are the actual landholder, standards the system for land sells strictly, and establishes the governments of supervise the mechanism.

其次，政府作为房地产市场管理者，要转变政府经济职能，规范政府行为，建设公共服务型政府；政府作为实际的土地所有者，严格规范土地出让制度，建立政府监督机制。

We developed a model to define the acts of government and land speculators, and found that if the government can anticipate the change of land market, the land peculator will suffer loss.

在对我国土地政策的分析中，我们发展出政府与土地投机商的博弈模型，分析了我国城市土地储备制度对土地市场的作用，发现政府能够正确预期市场走向时，土地投机商将会亏本。

Certainly have not suffered loss, Li is a former British Hong Kong government is one of Li Ka-shing is indeed business Wizards, in the case of real estate are constantly rising had considered restructuring and the transfer of assets, has bought some foreign quality assets, telecommunications companies such as Germany orange shares, the New Jersey ports, the Panama Canal shares, and Hong Kong Cyberport aggressively into the building, will tentacles stretching the transformation and upgrading of telecommunications, Li Ka-shing is the only person in his fox, and many people are of the view that is Li and the former British Hong Kong government to give them weaving a better future, a beautiful dream, and Tung took office play his body more healthy, more destructive power of the strong characteristics of this beautiful dream hit a smash, this is one is caught, the onlookers-to the real estate collapse of the responsibility of all to Mr Tung who is totally unjustified, Although Mr Tung to the mainland, Beijing has followed some acts are in the eyes of some people, but to objectively evaluate, Dong is a honest kind of person, he is inadvertently let Tianzao point that the arrival and the day is certainly coming, the night time, the more devastating losses, Originally, the intention is that Mr Tung real estate prices trend eased, and then the case now almost Shanghai, prices every quarter on a 20% increase, almost all Hong Kong people have been crazy, and just opened a new development, the stage has long been ranked team to effectively alleviate this situation, the new SAR government changed in the past starvation effect of land supply policy, a substantial increase in the level of land supply in order to stabilize high land prices, while the Yuen Long, New Territories into the new City of mass construction, the expansion of public housing, housing construction plan (equivalent to our low-cost housing, economic applicable housing), if no major accident These measures should ensure that real estate to landing, but nobody thought that 98 years of financial turmoil, Hong Kong dollar devaluation Suoluosiming gambling, but the call foul silent do real estate, stock market doing transactions, the use diversionary tactics tactical let him return home with a full load, although the SAR government have been successfully defend the Hong Kong dollar does not depreciate, but the housing market and stock market watch.

当然也有没受损失的，李嘉诚算一个，前港英政府也算一个，李嘉诚不愧是商界奇才，在房地产不断攀高的情况下就已经考虑资产的转型和转移了，先后购买了一些外国的优质资产，如德国橙电信公司的股份、新泽西的港口、巴拿马运河的股份，并大张旗鼓地投入香港数码港的建设，将触角伸进香港电信的升级改造，李嘉诚做人方面堪称是只老狐狸，很多香港人都认为，是李嘉诚和前港英政府给他们编织一个美好的前程、一个美丽的梦，而小董上台后发挥他那身体越健壮、破坏力越强的特点，将这一美丽的梦击个粉碎，这正可谓是当局者迷、旁观者清，将香港房地产崩溃的责任全部归咎于董建华身上，是完全没有道理的，虽然董建华在靠近大陆、追随北京方面有些行为在港人眼里是过了一些，但客观地评价，董是一个老实厚道的人，他只不过是无意中让那一天早一点到来，而那一天是肯定会到来的，时间越晚，损失越惨重，本来董建华的初衷是希望房地产上涨的趋势有所缓解，当时香港的情形与现在的上海差不多，房价每隔一个季度就上涨20%以上，几乎所有的港人都为之疯狂，新楼盘刚开张，台前早已排起长长的队伍，为有效地缓解这一局面，新上任的特区政府一改以往饥渴效应的土地供应政策，大幅度地增加一级土地的供应，以平抑高昂的地价，同时宣布元朗、新界等新城区进入大规模建设，扩大政府公屋、居屋营建计划（相当于我们的廉租房、经济适用住房），如果没有大的意外，这些措施应该能保证房地产的缓着陆，但谁也没想到，98年的金融风暴，索罗斯明赌港币贬值、暗里却大做不动产、股市空头交易，这一声东击西的战术让他满载而归，虽然特区政府成功地实现了捍卫港币不贬值的目标，但香港的房市、股市从那一刻起，一败涂地。

To deal with various risks in the production of space,local governments have to cease the monopolization in land requisition and expropriation,and establish the balance of interests between correlative groups and national institutions in the circulation of lands.To deal with risks in the games of new society,local governments must adjust the systems and policies concerned,and avoid just scratching the surface of a problem.To deal with risks in reallocation of social resources and social administration concerned with policy output,many local governments already have material condition to effectively break them,and the key is to improve their administerial skills in policy making and implementation.To deal with risks in vicious competition between city governments in urbanization,which are actually the manifest of malfunction of market mechanism,local governments must put the centralization mechanism into full play,and strengthen the social check and balance mechanism,in order to effectively regulate market mechanism and realize the organic interactions between social units,democracy,and market.

要破解地方政府在空间生产中风险重重的局面，必须改变政府在土地征用征收上的独裁专断格局，完善土地流转中各个相关利益群体间的权利均衡以及国家机构间的权力均衡机制；地方政府在新型社会博弈中的风险，也需要相关制度与政策的调整，不能停留在治标不治本的层次；在社会资源再分配与社会管制等政策输出方面的风险，许多地方政府已经具备了有效化解的物质条件，主观上提高政策制定与执行的行政技能是解决此类问题的关键；我国城市政府在发展地方经济推进地方城镇化中的恶性竞争风险，本质上是市场机制失灵的一种表现，必须通过充分运用集权机制、强化社会制约机制从而有效规制市场机制，实现科层、民主、市场三种机制的良性对接，政府、社会、企业三种力量的有机互动，才能解决。

The land bank agency on behalf of the Government or by the Government commissioned a land bank specializing in the development of institutions, agencies involved in land bank land bank and development activities in order to further deepen the reform of land use system, regulate the land market order, and related activities and shows that the Government acts, and its goal is to strengthen land management to achieve macro-control, which is to take the credit policy to achieve the overall objective of macro-control is consistent.

土地银行机构代表政府或由政府委托的土地储备专门从事发展的机构，机构参与的土地储备的土地储备和开发活动，以进一步深化土地使用制度，规范土地市场秩序，有关的活动，并显示了政府行为，其目标是加强土地管理，以实现宏观调控，这是采取的信贷政策，以实现其总体目标是宏观调控是一致的。

On the base of this unified land acquisition, the government turns to be the sole land supplier in the primary land market, which can be described as "water comes from one channel, gets into one pool and goes out of one outlet".

政府主导型土地储备模式要求所有进入城市流转的土地都必须由政府强制统一收购，在此基础上，政府成为土地一级市场上唯一的供应者，真正实现&一个渠道进水，一个池子蓄水，一个口子供水&。

The state constitutes the exclusive subject and rural collective land is the sole object; both compensate and allocation mechanisms are endowed with characteristics of planned economy; farmland expropriation was monopolized by governments, all these above can be considered as the typical features of such expropriation system.

它在财力有限的情况下有效地解决政府特别是地方政府财力不足的问题，保证国家社会和经济发展所需的土地，具有国家是土地征用的唯一主体、集体所有土地是土地征用的唯一客体、征地补偿和农民安置带有明显的计划经济色彩、土地征用的政府垄断性等典型特征。

Canton Government clearly stipulates that the recovery of idle land, the original allocation of business land, to be replaced by real estate development sites must be recovered by the Government in accordance with the law or the acquisition of land reserves in the government database, according to real estate development sites to the annual plan tender, auction and listing transactions openly sold, from the source to ensure that land resources, the quantity and quality of reserves.

广东政府明确规定，回收的闲置土地，原先的拨款为企业的土地，改为房地产开发的网站，必须恢复该国政府依照法律规定或收购土地储备，政府的数据库，根据房地产开发网站的年度计划，招标，拍卖和公开出售上市交易，从源头上确保土地资源的数量和质量储备。

I will endeavour to find you some assistance.

我尽力帮你找人帮忙。

At first I only know bruck is the idol of American younglings, afterwards I returned back to Taiwan ,even in Beijing last year ,I saw her poster everywhere, I was so surprised at her charm.

起初我只晓得布鲁克雷德丝是美国少男少女崇拜的偶像，后来回台湾，甚至去年在北京，居然也四处看见她的海报，才惊讶她的魅力之大。